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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hasty Generalization
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results when someone bases a conclusion on too little evidence.
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Non Sequitur
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draws unwarranted conclusions from seemingly ample evidence
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Stereotyping
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attaches one or more supposed characteristics to a group or one of its members.
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Card Stacking
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the writer presents only part of the avaliable evidence on a topic, deliberatley omitting essential information that would alter the picture considerably.
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Either/or fallacy
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asserts that only 2 choices exist when, in fact, several options are possible.
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begging the question
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a person that begs the question asserts the truth of some unproved statement
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Circular Argument
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supports a position merely by restating it.
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Arguing off the point
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the writer who argues off the point, which is sometimes called "ignoring the question", or "red hearing". It sidetracks an issue by introducing irrelevant information.
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the argument ad hominem
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designates an argument that attacks an individual rather than that individual's opinions or qualifications.
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Guilt by association
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points out some similarity or connection between one person or group and another. It tags the first with the sins, real, or imagined, of the second.
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Post Hoc, ergo Propter Hoc
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"after this, therefore because of this," refers to the fallacy of assuming that because one event follows another, the first caused the second.
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Faulty Analogy
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the error of assuming that two circumstances or things are similar in all important respects, when in fact they are not.
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The rational appeal
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When you appeal to reason in an argument, then you present your reasons an evidence in such a way that if your readers are also reasonable they will likely agree with you, or at least see your position as plausabile.
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Established truths
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facts that no one can seriously dispute.
Ex. historical fact: The first admendment of the Constitution. |
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Opinions of Authorities
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An authority is a recognized expert in some feild.
Ex. doctors talking about medical stuff. |
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Primary source
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documents or other materiasl produced by individuals directly involved with the issue.
Ex. Someone that went through the holocaust. |
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Statistical findings
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data showing how much, how many, or how often
Ex. Percerntages, statistics |
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personal experience
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something that happens to yourself, that you can explain in detail.
Ex. Like describing a crash that you are in, and describing the hopspital trip. |
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evaluation of evidence
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the conclusion of the evidence that you found.
Ex.putting evidence in order. |
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anaology in argument
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using an analogy to compare two unlike situations or things.
Ex. use this when you talk in unfamilar terms, so people will understand. |
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emotional appeal
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when emotions win the hearts and the help of people who would otherwise passively accept a logical argument but take no action.
Ex. the animal commercial that pulls your strings to help out. |
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ethical appeal
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the image that the writer projects.
Ex. when a writer agrees with a certain subject you can tell by the words they use. |
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fallacies
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are laspes in logic, that weaken your argument
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