Complete Csd

Front 1

Brainstem

Back 1

Sits directly on top of the spinal cord and is the conduit between brain and spinal cord. It consists of midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata.
3 primary functions: Key transmitter of sensory info to the brain and motor info away from the brain; major relay station for the cranial nerves supplying the head and face and for controlling the visual and auditory senses; associated with metabolism and arousal.
3 reflex centers: cadiac center (heart); vasometer center (blood vessels); respiratory center (breathing)

Front 2

agent

Back 2

In an event, the entity which preforms the action.

Front 3

Broca's area

Back 3

Motor cortex of the left frontal lobe; responsible for the fine coordination of speech output.
Named after French physician Paul Broca

Front 4

assessment

Back 4

Measuring a child's language development by using production, judgement and comprehension tests.
An ongoing procedure used to identify a child's needs, family concerns and resources.

Front 5

Cerebellum

Back 5

oval shaped "little brain" which sits behind the brainstem and regulates motor and muscular activity like coordination of motor movements, maintenance of muscle tone, monitoring of the movement range and strength, and maintenance of posture and equilibrium

Front 6

Cerebrum

Back 6

or cerebral cortex: crucial roles in "lang, conceptual thinking, creativity, planning and the ways in which we give form and substance to our thoughts.
40% of brain weight and contains 100 billion neurons.

Front 7

categorical scope

Back 7

Part of the second tier for the Lexical Principals Framework; limiting the basis for
extension to words that are taxonomically similar and builds upon tier one principle of extension

Front 8

expressive language

Back 8

Use lang primarily for social exchanges; express their needs and describe their feelings as they interact with others. Ex: "hi" and "bye"

Front 9

Connectionist model

Back 9

How the human brain processes and produces lang: a network of distributed processors that interact with one another via excitatory and inhibitory connections. Connectivity among units critical for understanding how info is processed.

Front 10

customary age of production

Back 10

Sander's Customary age of production: 50% of children are able to produce a given sound in an adult-like way in multiple positions.

Front 11

Corpus callosum

Back 11

Band of fibers that connects two hemispheres, serving as a conduit for communication between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum.

Front 12

Experience-dependent plasticity

Back 12

Unique to a given individual; requires highly-specific types of experiences for change
Utilizes 3 mechanisms: formation of new synaptic connections among neurons (dendritic sprouting), generation of new neurons, and increase in synaptic strength.
Brain capacity available independent of age.
Vocabulary growth (Hart & rRsley, 1995)

Front 13

evaluation

Back 13

Determine a child's initial and continuing eligibility for services under IDEA; including determination of the child's status across developmental areas. Structured, standardized and limited in duration.

Front 14

imperative pointing

Back 14

Requests to adults to retrieve objects; around 10 months. (6-12 months)

Front 15

event-related potentials

Back 15

Cap fitted with several electrodes with measure brains electrical response to particular linguistic stimuli.

Front 16

Experience-expectant plasticity

Back 16

Changes in brain structures that occur due to normal experiences; develops "obligatory cortical functions"
Once the sensitive period for a given experience-expectant brain function has passed, environmental experiences no longer readily modify cortical circuits

Front 17

extendibility

Back 17

Part of the first tier of Lexical Principles Framework where words label categories of objects and not just the original object.

Front 18

Heschl's gyrus

Back 18

Small region of the left temporal lobe that appears specialized for the processing of speech, particularly the temporal aspects of speech.

Front 19

intersubjective awareness

Back 19

The recognition of when one shares a mental focus on some external object or action with another person. (6-12 months)

Front 20

neural plasticity

Back 20

Malleability of the central nervous system; capacity for the sensory and motor systems to organize and reorganize themselves by generating new synaptic connections, or by using existing synapses for alternative means.

Front 21

neurotransmitters

Back 21

Chemical agents that help transmit information across the synaptic cleft.

Front 22

parietal lobes

Back 22

Two lobes which sit posterior to the frontal lobe on the left and right sides (above the ears). The key functions are perceiving and integrating sensory and perceptual info (left), and comprehending oral and written lang. and calculation for mathematics (right).
*Important to working memory and essential for most higher-order executive functions and or acquiring and accessing one's lexicon.*
Contains Primary somatosensory cortex and sensory association cortex.

Front 23

phonetic modules

Back 23

Human brain as a specialized processor designed specifically for phonetic segments of speech.

Rapid analysis of temporal characteristics of speec sounds occurs int he auditory centers of the left temporal lobes, processing of spectral charcteristics of speech sounds occurs in the right temporal lobe, and brain research has not been able to identify a single structure of location in the brain that is specialized only for the processing of speech.

Front 24

prefrontal cortex

Back 24

Most anterior portion fo the frontal lobe.
Affective aspects of sensation, including gloom, elation, calmness, and friendliness. Also called the "Regulator of the depth of feeling" (Noback, 2005)

Front 25

phonetically consistent form (PCF)

Back 25

idiosynactic word-like forms which children use consistently and meaningfully but do not assume approximations of adult-like forms. Ex: Ahhh as water.
Consistent sound structure used in several contexts, rather than a single referent. Learn the value of adopting a stable pronunciation to communicate in a particular situation.

Front 26

receptive speech area

Back 26

(Wernicke's area) language comprehension. Sits in the superior portion of the left temporal lobe near the intersection of the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Point of convergence for receiving and integrating associations from throughout the brain.

Front 27

sensory association cortex

Back 27

part of the parietal lobes.

Front 28

reference

Back 28

Part of the first tier of Lexical Principles Framework where words symbolize objects, actions, events and concepts.

Front 29

synaptic cleft

Back 29

space between the axon of the transmitting neuron and dendrite of the receiving neuron

Front 30

referential gestures

Back 30

Precise referent and stable meaning across different contexts, ex: holding hand to ear to symbolize phone.
Has similar properties to first words and use signals an impending transition from prelinguistic to linguistic communication.

Front 31

Wernicke's area

Back 31

(receptive speech area) language comprehension.
Wernicke's aphasia: damage to the Wernicke's area; significant challenges in processing and producing coherent lang in both spoken and written form.

Front 32

paralinguistic

Back 32

Describe the manner of speech outside of the linguistic info; high overall pitch, exaggerated pitch contours, slower tempos (as compared to adult-directed speech)

Front 33

whole object assumption

Back 33

The presumption words label whole objects and not object parts (part of object scope)