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193 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
ethnoviolence
an act or attempted act which is motivated by group prejudice and intended to cause physical or psychological injury.
hate crime
a specific form of ethnoviolence that has a legal definition and prosecutorial implications. attacks based on rac, religion, and ethnicity but exclude gender as a target.
ethnic group
a segment of the larger society whose members are though, by themselves and/or others, to have a common origin and to share important segments of a common culture and who, in addition, participate in shared activities in which the common origin and culture are significant ingredients.
race
a sub-group of people possessing a definite combination of physical characteristics, or genetic origin, the combination of which to varying degrees, distinguishes the subgroups of man-kind.
A pre-eminently socio-historical concept. Racial categories and the meaning of race are given concrete expression by the specific social relations and historical context in which they are embedded.
culture
the configuration of learned behavior whose components and elements are shared and transmitted by members of a particular society. It transfers the natural and is seen as a tradition that can handed down across generations. It includes knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, etc. It is learned through a social process and a cognitive template.
minority
a group of people who, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore reagrd themselves as objects of collective discrimination... minority status carries with it the exclusion from full participation in the life of the society.
majority
dominant or mainstream group that holds the balance of power, influence and wealth of society.
negative ethnic prejudice
ethnic prejudice is an antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalization. it may be directed toward a group as a whole, or toward an individual because he is a member of that group.
prejudice
thinking ill of others without sufficient warrant or incorporating a bipolar component, as in a feeling favorable or unfavorable, toward a person or thing, prior to, or not based on actual experience.
ethnocentrism
can incorporate positive prejudice including group bonding for survival comfort or safety. i.e. jocks hang with jocks or Jews confided in Jews in Nazi Germany. also incorporates "love prejudice" which is overgeneralizing the virtues of one's own values, family, and group. leads to antagonism of other groups.
def: an exaggerated preference for one's group and concomitant dislike of other groups.
the illusion of integration
nation is culturally diverse yet the level of meaningful intergroup contact and dialogue is not keeping par with rapid demographic shifts in the process
stereotypes
rigid and inaccurate preconceived notions that (one holds) about all people who are members of a particular group, whether it be defined along racial, religious, sexual or other lines.
antilocution
1st stage of acting out prejudice. prejudicial talk among like-minded individuals and the occasional stranger.
avoidance
2nd stage of acting out prejudice. individual moves beyond just talking about certain groups to conscious efforts to avoid individuals from those groups
discrimination
3rd stage of acting out prejudice. individual takes active steps to exclude or deny members of another group access to or participation in a desired activity.
physical attack
4th stage of acting out prejudice. lynching, etc
extermination
5th stage of acting out prejudice. systematic and planned destruction of a group of people based on their group membership.
racism
results from the transformation of race prejudice and/or ethnocentrism through the exercise of power against a racial group defined as inferior, by individuals and institutions with the intentional or unintentional support of the entire culture
individual racism
conceptualized as a person's race prejudice based on biological considerations and involving actual behavior that is discriminatory in nature
institutional racism
intentional or unintentional manipulation or toleration of institutional policies that unfairly restrict the opportunities of targeted groups.
cultural racism
individual and institutional expression of the superiority of one race's cultural heritage (and concomitant value system) over that of other races
Cultural competency
Awareness, knowledge, skill. America is aware of diversity but don’t necessarily have the knowledge and deeper understanding of history and actual cultural values.
Cultural congruity/incongruity
how a person feels adjacent to or apart of the greater environment. i.e. if you feel connected to a society then it’s congruent. If the person is told one thing at home and another at school then it’s incongruent.
Enculturation
learning how to communicate within another culture. Like whether or not to make eye contact, mannerisms, language, etc. socialization process by which one acquires the social and psychological qualities that are necessary to function as a member of one’s group.
Ethnic stratification or ethnic inequality
System that distribute scarce resources such as wealth income and power on an unequal basis according to race or ethnicity.
3 Types of messages for culture
transmission: influences coming from parents in the socialization process
Horizontal: influences that come from peers
Oblique: influences that come from adults or institutions.
Culture
It transfers the natural and is seen as a tradition that can handed down across generations. It includes knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, etc. It is learned through a social process and a cognitive template.
fear
recognize environmental cues that signal danger
disease-avoidnace
tendency on the part of early humans to avoid interpersonal contact with others who were potentially contagious. had an adaptive function
threat
friend vs. foe distinguished through what poses harm. different race, etc. clear marker. evolutionally predisposed to be racist.
realistic group conflict theory
contemporary prejudice is the result of competition between prehistoric ancestral groups for limited resources. out-group discrimination emerged as a necessary and viable adaptive mechanism. racism helped survival. if the other group was the evil enemy it was more morally sound to kill that group of take their resources for one's own survival.
chattel slavery
modern slavery definition
scientific racism
describes the historical role of science in propagating the idea of white racial superiority
eugenics
means "good genes". study that operated under the assumption that human traits, both physical and mental were hereditary.
drapetomania
flight from home madness. referred to slaves who escaped or tried to run away.
dominative (old-fashioned) racism:
more overt and hostile expression of racial animosity. expressed belief in white racial superiority, acting out of racist fantasies.
symbolic (modern) racism
represents the belief by whites that blacks violate traditional American values and are to blame for any social, economic and political inequality they may experience.
laissez-faire racism
complexs and interdependent relationship between economics, politics, and race in US. Attributes economic and political failures of blacks to their own cultural inferiority denial by whites that structural and institutional barriers to minority progress exist.
ambivalent racism
it is possible and even likely that whites hold contradictory attitudes towards minority groups. cultural values of white America are contradictory, therefore so are views on racism
aversive racism
consciously or subconsciously buys into racial superiority of whites but does nothing to act on this belief.
colorblind racism
racism is beyond psychological attitudes held by individuals and groups and is embedded in social structures. ignorance, denial, and distortion or reality that race plays a role in peoples lived experiences.
white privilege
whites achieve societal rewards based on skin color and other socially determined indicators of race rather than merit.
unearned entitlements
part of white privilege. refers to things that all people should enjoy, but are restricted to whites and lead to unearned advantage.
conferred dominance
part of white privilege. individuals classified as white have power over individuals classified as non-white
6 stages of abandonment of racism by whites
contact \
disintegration >abandonment of
reintegration / racism

pseudoindependence \developing
immersion-emersion > a +
autonomy / nonracist
white
identity
identity formation theory
racial prejudice offers individual protection from the threats of identity diffusion or complete loss of identity.
object relations theory
unconscious source of racism is located deep within a primitive layer of the human psyche by looking down on a particular group one feels better about themselves.
cognitive dissonance
psychological state characterized by anxiety and emotional discomfort that results when a person holds beliefs and cognitions that are incongruent with each other.
disease model of white racism
racism is similar to addictive disorders. White Americans have formed an addiction to a world view sheeped in denial, rationalization and prosecution in an effort to avoid the anxiety and emotional pain associated with any cognitive dissonance they may experience.
white supremacy
a system of power and domination consciously or subconsciously and embedded in the logic, thought, speech, action, perceptions, and affective response of people who classify themselves as white.
oppression
act(s) of violence that by its very nature interferes with a person's ability to evolve as a complete human.
alien-self disorder
a conscious rejection one's African reality. a denial of reality of racism and an active attempt to emulate European world view and reality.
anti-self disorder
similar to alien-self disorder but with the added element of overt and covert hostility towards all things African.
self-destructive disorder
reflects ineffective and destructive attempts of A.A. to cope with unnatural conditions oh white supremacy and domination
organic disorder
physiological and biochemical disease that have their etiology in the oppressive conditions typical of victims of white supremacy.
psychological and cultural misorientation
those of individualistic orientation expressing or exhibiting anti-African or -Black behavior, who are exploitative of and/or hostile to other AAs, suffer from Africentrically defined mental disorder cultural misorientation (CM minimal, moderate, or severe.)
racism-related fatigue
tremendous psychological and physiological exhaustion that AAs experience as a result of and in response to chronic exposure to racism and oppression.
race-related trauma
spiritual, psychological and physiological devastation AAs experience following exposure to stressors involving direct personal experience with, witnessing of or learning about actual or threatened violent death, serious injury or harm, or other threat to one's physical integrity on basis of race or skin color.
anticipatory racism reaction
defense mechanism that AAs develop after being the victim, recipient or combatant of racial discrimination and racially motivated hostility.
race-related stress and distress
chronic exposure to racism and oppression has shown a deleterious effect on psychological and physical well-being of AA's
racism-related frustration
occurs when AA's realize that they are powerless over the way in which they are treated because of their race.
racism-related confusion
a reaction that occurs when an individual in the midst of an onslaught of racist exchanges asks the question "who am i?" questions about being the victim
ethnic subpopulation
a group labeled and categorized by the general population
superordinate
more powerful subpoopulation
subordinate
less powerful ethnic subpopulation
discrimination
process by which an individual, group or subpopulation of individuals acts in ways that deny another individual, group, or subpopulation access to valued resources.
ethnic discrimination
process by which the members of a more powerful and dominant ethnic subpopulation deny the members of another, less powerful and subordinate subpopulation full access to valued resources
reverse discrimination
programs designed to overcome the effects of past discrimination against members of a subordinate subpopulation often deny some members of the dominant subpopulation equal access to valued resources
selective inclusion
process of allowing members of ethnic subpopulations into certain positions white at the same time excluding them from other positions
abusive practices
patterns of action against the victims of discrimination by members of other ethnic groups and particularly by members of other ethnic groups and particularly by those charged with enforcement of the law. environmental racism, racial profiling.
institutionalized discrimination
when individual acts are sanctioned by cultural values, beliefs, laws and norms; when they are part of the way a social structure normally operates; and when they are pervasive and persistent feature of contact among people.
ethnic stratification
amount, level and type of resources- such as jobs, education, health, money , power and prestige- which these resource shares most members of an ethnic subpopulation in various social hierarchies. The extent to which these resource shares contribute to those distinctive behaviors, organizations, and cultural systems that provide justification to the dominant group for making the ethnic subpopulation targets of discrimination.
ethnic prejudices
beliefs and stereotypes about designated subpopulations who share certain identifying characteristics- biological, behavioral, organizational or cultural- or are at least perceived to share these characteristics.
all-weather liberals
not prejudiced and do not discriminate
reluctant liberals
unprejudiced but will discriminate when it is in their interest to do so.
timid bigots
prejudiced but afraid to show it.
active bigots
prejudiced and quite willing to discriminate
passive acceptance
active manipulation of a situation. make the best of a bad situation without attempting to change it.
marginal participation
subordinate ethnic subpopulations can find a niche where they can use their creative resources and prosper. most successful when minority population in small and does not enter areas dominated by the majority
assimilation
members of an ethnic group become a part of the broader culture and society, losing their distinctive character.
withdrawal and self-segregation
enables a population to create and support their own communities, businesses, schools, leadership, churches and other social forms
rebellion and revolt
general hostility and aggressive behavior toward the majority.
organized protest
when subordinate ethnic groups become organized to make broad-based and concerted efforts to change patterns of discrimination
ethnogenesis
creating a new ethnic identity... as a response to prejudice and discrimination. subgroups who have certain common traditions and have experienced similar patterns of discrimination seek to form a new kind of ethnic identity
blood quantum measure
degree of Indian blood a person possesses
The Dawes Act of 1887
empowered the government to "test" blood levels to identify someone as Indian and thereby entitled to government treatment under treaty obligations
stereotypes of Native Americans
Savage Redman: portrayal as ruthless killers of white settlers.
"fat cat" capitalist- belief that Native Americans have become "fat cats" from the minerals and resources on their land.
Indian Removal Act (1930)
forced mass relocations of Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole and other Indian nations during 1830s. Intent was to open up territory east of the Mississippi for settlement by white Americans.
Major Crimes Act (1885)
Allowed U.S. to extend its jurisdiction into N.A. territories. Sovereignty of N.A. territories was defined by treaty, this act nullified the treaties purpose, which had permitted N.A.s to exercise their own jurisdiction within their own territories.
General Allotment Act (1887)
aka "the Dawes Act" designed to break up the collective ownership of Indian lands by requiring Indians to identify themselves by means of a "blood quantum" under the act, "full-blood" Indians received the deeds to land parcels over which the U.S. government exercised control for 25 years and "mixed blood" Indians received "patents in fee simple" - basically land rental agreements and forced to accept U.S. citizenship
Indian Citizenship Act (1924)
U.S. citizenship given to all N.A. in U.S. territories. plan to curtail indigenous identity. Hopi and Onondaga refused and issued their own passports
Indian Claims Commission Act (1946)
designed to provide legal recourse to those NAs who felt their land was unjustly taken away. claims Commission responsible for hearing cases, but couldn't return land to any NAs, rather it was required to assign a monetary value to the land in question "at the time it was taken". rewards tended to be very small
Relocation Act (1956)
created job training centers in urban areas for NAs purpose was to force NAs off reservations. participants required to sign contracts stating they would not return to the reservation
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971)
removed the sovereign status of Indian nations in Alaska. 44 million acres of NA lands were turned into U.S. assets, including oil and timber.
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
attempted to increase Indian participation in higher education by establishing loan and scholarship programs, students were reluctant because school was a hostile and alienating environment.
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
NAs could develop a higher education system that was neither paternalistic nor assimilationist in its goals
millenarian movements
retreatist social movements in the belief that supernatural powers will intervene and return the people to some idealized era.
Ghost Dance Group
response to a vision that NA would return on a train in great numbers just as the earth swallowed all the white people
peyotism
a mind hallucinogen, peyote gave religious ceremonies a new power because of experiences induced.
pan-Indianism
the unification of NA nations for explicitly political purposes
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)
first truly nationwide organization to represent Native Americans and to engage in active lobbying in Washington
American Indian Movement
a more radical movement to organize NA nations to pursue political goals, a movement dominated by Plains tribes
fish-ins
protest government interference with traditional NA fishing areas, seized Alcatraz in 1969
Council of Energy Resource Tribes (CERT)
goal of forming OPEc-live cartel to coordinate the development of, and perhaps manipulate the market for, the resources on reservation land.
papists
derogatory term for Catholics.
Immigration Act of 1924
limited immigration to the US, especially for eastern and southern Europeans. quota was 10x lower for Italians than Brits and 5x lower than for Germans
Immigration Act of 1965
allowed more Italians in by placing them in the unfilled quotas of other groups
orthodox Jews
adhere to the Torah in strict terms - ritual, food preparation and consumption, and synagague
Reform Jews
1/3 of American Jews. haver modernized and secularized their religious activity
Conservative Jews
between Orthodox Jews and Reform 1/3- 1/2 American Jews
middlemen minority
members of ethnic subpopulations who have middle or moderate levels of resources and serve as distribution between producers and buyers of goods
Jewish lobby
an all-encompassing term used to describe the real or perceived power and influence of Jews in America over the government, media, and industry
anti-Semitism
hostility or discrimination against Jews or an ethnic group
blue laws
laws regulating moral behavior, they also require businesses to close on Sundays
Anglo-Saxon (WASP)
An ethnic complex consisting of northern European ethnic stock with light, "white" skin, Protestant religious beliefs; Protestant-inspired values based on individualism, hard work, savings, secular material success, and English cultural traditions (language, laws and beliefs) and institutional structures (politics, economics, and education)
ascetic Protestanism
the form of Protestantism the Puritans brought with them to the Americas; it emphasized salvation, hard work, abstinence from temptation, and religiosity. these values formed the core American values.
state's rights
doctrine based on 10th Amendment to US constitution. proponents of slavery and racial segregation invoked the doctrine of state's rights against federal civil rights and desegregation laws
model minority
a stereotype often applied to Asian Americans. It portrays them as "successful" because of their ability to overcome discrimination through determination, hard work, strong family ties, and the valuing of education
glass or bamboo ceiling
perception held by Asian Americans that, because of negative stereotypes about them, they are limited, despite being qualified, for advancement in professional occupations
segregation index
the percentage of a population that would need to move into a white neighborhood to achieve complete desegregation
yellow peril
a derogatory phrase implying that Asians were cunning and devious and scheming to invade the United States in hordes
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
legislation that suspended the immigration of Chinese ancestry already residing in the US from obtaining US citizenship after the effective date of the act. An 188 amendment applied exclusion to all Chinese immigrants except merchants, students, teachers, tourists, and governmental officials
Immigration Act of 1917
enacted in order to stop Japanese immigration as welll as immigration from other Asian countries. Act barred admission of any person from "islands no possessed by US adjacent to continent of Asia" or continent of Asia
National Origins Act of 1924
barred immigration of Japanese wives even if husbands were US citizens and prohibited immigration of Japanese aliens ineligible for US citizenship
Ozawa v. US (1922)
persons of Japanese ancestry could not become naturalized citizens
Philippines Independence Act
granted deferred independence to the Philippine Islands and imposing an annual quote of 50 Filipino immigrants to US mainland per year
internment camps
camps to which Japanese Americans were forced to relocate by the US government during WWII. Over 120,000 Japanese Americans were placed in internment camps after bombing Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. Japanese Americans were forced to sell their personal property and businesses at a fraction of their value.
Executive Order 9066
order signing by FDR that established restricted military ares and authorized the building of relocation camps to house Japanese Americans
3 cases against Japanese internment
Korematsu v. US.
Yasui v. US
Hirabayashi v. US.
all upheld constitutionality of Executive Order 9066
Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act
limited claims to a max amount of $2,500 with all claims to be submitted within 18 months of act's passage
Presidential Proclamation 4417
rescinded Exec Order 9066 and apologized to Japanese American community.
Commission on wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians
recommendations: official apology. should pardon those who fought against 9066. $20,000 paid to each survivor
civil liberties act of 1988
$20,000 compensation for living survivors
gerrymandering
redrawing boundaries or a congressional district either to concentrate opposition votes into a few districts to gain seats for the majority in surrounding districts (packing) or to diffuse minority votes across many districts (dilution)
competitive phase of assimilation
according to Robert park, the stage of assimilation in which ethnic populations compete over resources (e.g. jobs, living space, and political representation)
accommodation phase of assimilation
According to Robert Park, the stage of assimilation in which immigrants and their descendants are forced to change and adapt to their new environment. During this unstable stage, there is some degree of stabilization of relations between immigrants and those in the host society, even if this accommodation forces migrants into lower social strata.
cultural assimilation
assimilation that occurs when the values, beliefs, dogmas, ideologies, language, and other systems of symbols of the dominant culture are adopted
structural assimilation
assimilation that occurs when migrant ethnics groups become members of the primary groups within dominant ethnic subpopulations- their families, close friends, cliques with in clubs and groups within organization
marital assimilation
assimilation that occurs when there are high rates of intermarriage between the migrant and dominant ethnic groups
identification assimilation
assimilation that occurs when individuals no longer see themselves as distinctive and like members of dominant groups, stake their personal identities on participation and success in the mainstream institutions of a society.
attitude-receptional assimilation
the lack of prejudicial attitudes and stereotyping on the part of both dominant and migrant ethnic groups
behavioral-receptional assimilation
the absence of intentional discrimination by dominant ethnic groups against subordinate ethnic groups
civic assimilation
the reduction of conflict between ethnic groups over basic values and access to the political arena
ethnogenesis
process of creating a distinctive ethnicity as a means of adapting to discrimination, even as some degree of assimilation occurs
kin selection (inclusive fitness)
the concept that family structures are a strategy allowing males and females to maximize their fitness by keeping as much of their genetic material as possible in the gene pool
reciprocal altruism
the idea that people offer assistance to nonkin because they know that at some future time their acts of altruism will be reciprocated by those they help. such reciprocity promotes fitness and thereby enables individuals to keep their genetic material in gene pool.
ethny
a cluster of kinship circles created by endogamy (in which mate selection is confined to specific groups) and territoriality (physical proximity of its members and relative isolation from nonmembers)
stratification theories
theories that emphasize how the process of discrimination produces the over representation of members of ethnic subpopulations in various social classes. These theories place considerable emphasis on the mobilization of power in order to control where ethnic groups and placed in class system.
caste theories
theories used to explain black-white relations why blacks were confined to lower socioeconomic positions, denied access to power, prevented from intermarriage, and segregated in their own living space
caste system
a system of rigid social stratification based on hereditary status, endogamy, and social barriers sanctioned by custom, law or religion
colonialism theories
theories drawing inspiration from the analysis of the dynamics of past European colonialism to analyze the process in which one population controls the political and economic activities of another
external colonialism
the process by which one nation controls the political and economic activities of another, less developed and less powerful society.
colonization complex
1) forced entry into a territory and its population
2)alteration or destruction of the indigenous culture and patterns of social organization
3)domination of the indigenous population by representatives of the invading society.
4)justification of such activities with highly prejudicial, racism beliefs, and stereotypes
internal colonialism
views the history of ethnic relations in America as involving the establishments of internal colonies of people who are not white and who are dominated by descendants of the original Anglo-Saxon Protestant colonists. Motivation in 2-fold 1)need for cheap labor to increase profit 2) desire to take and control land, first from the NA and later from Mexicans.
split-labor market theories
examines how the partitioning of the labor market leads to ethnic conflict. to be split, a labor market must contain at least 2 groups of workers whose price of labor differs when the 2 competing groups are divided along ethnic lines, split-labor market theory holds that ethnic antagonism is likely to occur. Competition involves more than 2 antagonistic ethnic groups; it also involves 3rd parties who wield power and wish to maximize profit by stimulating competition between ethnic groups in labor groups
middlemen minority theories
arguing that certain minorities bring to a host society entrepreneurial skills and perhaps some capital, that these attributes pose a threat to dominant groups, and so these minorities are excluded from many middle class positions and are allowed to operate only businesses that serve their own ethnic group, other oppressed ethnics, and occasionally, more elite ethnic groups. Middleman minorities, become lodged in these middle niches, and movement to economic niches controlled by dominant groups is seen as threatening
middlemen minorities
members of an ethnic subpopulation who have middle or moderate levels of resources and serve as distribution links between producers and buyers of goods
identifiability
the degree to which the members of a subpopulation are visible and readily identifiable. The more distinctive the members of a subpopulation are, the more likely they are to become targets of discrimination
resource shares
the consistent and persistent amount of valued resources available to an ethnic subpopulation/ the amount, level, and types of resources such as jobs, education, health, money, power and prestige an ethnic subpopulation typically receives
a sense of threat
if a subordinate ethnic group is perceived as threatening the political power, the economic well-being, the cultural symbols, the social structures, and/or the basic institutions of a dominant ethnic group, this perception will translate into hostility feeling the fueling the fires of discrimination
entrepreneurial resources
the occupational skills, education, money, and organizational abilities that an ethnic population possesses.
negative beliefs and stereotypes
codified negative portrayal about the perceived undesirable characteristics and qualities of a subordinate ethnic subpopulation
Privilege
A special advantage or benefit not enjoyed by all. Operates on a group and structural level.
Marcia’s Model of Identity
diffusion, foreclosed, moratorium, achieved.
Marcia’s Model of Identity: Diffusion
or he has not experienced an identity crisis, nor made identity commitments
Marcia's Model of Identity: Foreclosed
makes identity commitment based on external influenced, without own exploration
Marcia's Model of Identity: Moratorium
identity crisis who is still exploring and experimenting with options but has not made a commitment – active identity search
Marcia's Model of Identity: Achieved
had identity crisis, has explored with options, and made a commitment
Acculturation
•The process that is really the product of cultural learning. It happens between the contact between the members of 2 culturally distinct groups. It has to do with attitudinal or character exchange.
•It is the process of attitudinal change undergone, willingly or unwillingly.
Enculturation
socialization process by which one acquires the social and psychological qualities that are necessary to function as a member of one’s group.
3 levels of acculturation – Marin
Superficial, Intermediate, Significant Level
3 levels of acculturation – Marin: Superficial
the learning and forgetting of the facts that are part of one’s cultural history and tradition. Forget historical figures of one country and learn new country’s history
3 levels of acculturation – Marin: Intermediate
the learning that takes place evolves around the more central behaviors that are at the core of one’s life (i.e. language preference, ethnicity of friends, ethnicity of spouse, names of children, media preference.
3 levels of acculturation – Marin: Significant Level
Changes that take place are in the values, beliefs, and norms that make up the constructs of the person’s views. (i.e. negative competition, assertive interactions, confrontation encounters)
Phinney Model of Adolescent Ethnic Identity Development: Ethnic Identity diffusion/foreclosure
o Adolescent has not yet explored feelings/attitudes about his/her ethnicity
o May lack interest in topic
o Majority individuals don’t match majority of group
Phinney Model of Adolescent Ethnic Identity Development: Ethnic Identity Search
o Increasing awareness and exploration of ethnic issues
o Newfound awareness that causes them to think of background (overt racism)
Phinney Model of Adolescent Ethnic Identity Development: Ethnic Identity Achievement
Emotions have been moderated, calm secure demeanor of ethnic group. Healthy bicultural identity
Minority Identity Development Model Atkinson, Morten, Sure: Stage 1
conformity
o Unequivocal preference for the dominant culture values over those of their own.
o Role models, lifestyles, value system all follow the lead of the dominant group
o May perceive the dominant group as much more positive
o May view their own physical features as less desirable
o Share main culture’s beliefs
Minority Identity Development Model Atkinson, Morten, Sure: Stage 2
Dissonance
o Gradual process into stage
o Something that must happen to move a person from Stage 1 to stage 2. (i.e. a Latino who is ashamed of his culture may encounter a Latino proud of his roots)
o Person will experience a conflict
o They may alternate from feeling shame to feeling pride
o Begin to question conformity Pro-White Attitude
o They may question the dominant
o Views toward other minorities begin to change
Minority Identity Development Model Atkinson, Morten, Sure: Stage 3
Resistance and immersion
o The personal falls back into own culture. They reject dominant and resist oppression. Issues are becoming resolved.
o Strong sense of appreciation. Values are accepted without question
o Why should I feel ashamed? Agree about being a victim of racism. Start to explore and discover own history
o Dislike for all members of the dominant group
o Endorses minority values
Minority Identity Development Model Atkinson, Morten, Sure: Stage 4
Introspection
o Begins to feel discomfort with rigid news. All white people are bad.
o More comfortable with own identity. Become more comfortable with who they are.
o Believe that the dominant culture is not all bad. Good and bad in both cultures
Minority Identity Development Model Atkinson, Morten, Sure: Stage 5
Sense of Self-fulfillment
o Resolved discomfort
o Value-of all cultural groups are evaluated.
o Comfortable with who they are
o Attitudes toward others in same group = appreciative.
Indian Roots of Acculturation- Genocide and removal
• Disputes over land, grazing, enforced removal and relocation
• Indian family structure were expected to collapse, hoping the white culture would insinuate itself
What was the purpose of White me imposing education on Indians?
• Education was a tool to control
• It was a means of cultural reproduction
• It was a tactic of assimilation
• It was complete victimization
Indian Reservations
• 1860s viewed as quasi-nations
• Reservations- no technology, minimal work, resources and limited education access
• Help to assimilate but did not accomplish goal
• Reorganization Act of 1934 – John Collier- Commissioner of Indian Affairs, split between tribes, 8197 vs. 7,679 against it.
Soul-loss
sudden, repeated faints, self-deprivation, dream adventures, preoccupation with death/ghost, suicide threats/ alcohol
Spirit intrusion
somatization and vague, spastic pains, hallucinations, passivity/apathy coupled with restlessness/agitation; crying, feeling of despondency/discouragement/defeat.
Taboo breaking
psycho-physiological; mild weight loss, sleep loss, fatigue, tissue, edema, headaches, heavy and irregular menstruation, mood, paranoia, seizures
Ghost Sickness
confusion, loss of mental control, fear, feelings of helplessness, suffocation, weakness, dizziness, loss of appetite, nightmares, hallucinations, delusions
ethnicity
a group classification of individuals who share a unique social and cultural heritage passed on between generations
Vertical transmission
1 of 3 types of messages for culture. influences coming from parents in the socialization process
oblique transmission
1 of 3 types of messages for culture. influences that come from peers
horizontal transmission
1 of 3 types of messages for culture. influences that come from adults or institutions.