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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gestation
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Time from conception to hatch/birth
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Delayed Fertilization
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Sperm stored until female ovulates
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Delayed implantation
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Fertilization & partial development occur, but embryo doesn't implant on uterine wall
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Delayed Development
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Embryonic growth is slow
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How cloaca embryonically diveded?
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from hindgut, endoderm & proctodeal ectoderm.
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Stores urine before its excreted?
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Urinary Bladder
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Prevents osmotic pressure from rising within tissues
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Urinary Bladder
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Origin of fish urinary bladder?
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Mesodermal, formed from urinary ducts
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Origin of tetrapod urinary bladder?
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endodermal, an outpocketing of the cloaca
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In tetrapods, a urinary bladder is an outpocketing of the cloaca. This is seen in all tetrapods except
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snakes, birds, crocs
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T/F Most vertebrates reproduce seasonally
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true
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T/F impotence does NOT vary with season
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true
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In males, this slows down with age but never stops.
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Spermatogenesis
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Females experience this in some w/ age
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menopause
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Birds copulatory organs?
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Juxtapose (kiss) cloaca
Except ostriches and ducks because they possess intromittant organs. |
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T/F all mammals have a penis
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True
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Hemotumescence accomplished by 3 things
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corpora cavernosa, the corpus spongiosum, and cavernous urethra
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Sensitive tip of penis
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Glans
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Bifid in blank to deposit sperm into paired vaginae
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marsupials
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Cloaca receives materials from
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digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems
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cloaca present in most vertebrates, lost in
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Chimeras, teleosts, coelacanths, placental mammals
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3 Regions of cloaca
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Coprodeum – empties the intestines
Urodeum – empties the urinary and genital ducts Proctodeum – functions in copulation and development of the penis |
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Do fish need copulatory organ for external fertilization?
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no
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how do elasmobranchs sperm transfer?
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Claspers
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how do teleosts sperm transfer?
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gonopodia or interlocking anal fins
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in terms of copulatory organs what is the exception in amphibians?
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tailed frog
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How do salamanders sperm transfer
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have internal fertilization via spermatophores (and spermatheca in females)
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In reptiles internal fertilization is required if...
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oviparous or viviparous
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copulation=coitus=intromission
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copulation=coitus=intromission
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how do birds & tuatara copulate
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cloacal kiss
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turtle and crocs copulate with
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penis
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Erection is termed
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hemotumescence
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how do snakes & lizards copulate?
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paired hemipenes (Everted like a sock; possess spines and calyces)
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T/F male genital duct, archinephric duct drains the kidney
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true
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in elasmobranch what duct drains testis
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archinephric duct
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in elasmobranch what duct drains urinary kidney
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accessory urinary duct
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in teleosts what duct drains sperm to cloaca
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new testicular duct
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salmonids lack duct & release sperm through duct in ....
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coelum
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in an amiote duck alcohol soley serves the testies
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archinehric duct
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duct solely serves the testis,
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archinephric duct
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what drains the kidney
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ureter
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coelemic extension of the testis - where they reside.
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scrotum
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clitoris is homologous with
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penis
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2 patters of uteri in marsupials
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view pic
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4 uteri of placental mammals
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1. duplex- uteri join vagina seperately
2. Bipartite – uteri join before meeting vagina 3. Bicornuate - uteri join before meeting vagina 4. Simplex – uterine horns fuse entirely |
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testis produce?
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sperm and hormones
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T/F agnathans single testis has no duct
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True
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T/F teleost fish have paired mullerian ducts
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true
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salmonids have ovarian ducts derived from
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peritoneal folds
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viviparouses species, no ducts, fertilization & gestation occur in blank
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ovary
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in amniotes... tubular mullerian ducts with (blank) muscle & secretory mucosa
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smooth
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t/f oviduct homologous w/ mullerian duct
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true
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terminal portion of mullerian duct?
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uterus
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Holds eggs before laying or form connection with placenta?
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uterus
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Terminal portion of uterus
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vagina
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receives intomittent organ?
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Vagina
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Ovary suspended from dorsal wall by
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mesovarium
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what type of ducts transport ova?
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genital ducts (exception being cyclostomes)
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t/f all females have archinephric that drains kidney
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true
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in agnathans ova shed into coelem & shed by blank into cloaca
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secondary pores
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Elasmobranchs- 4 parts of mullerian duct?
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funnel, shell gland, isthmus, uterus
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what part of mullerian duct is paird or single and collects eggs?
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funnel
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what part of mullerian duct stores sperm, secretes albumin/mucus
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shell gland
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what part of mullerian duct connects shell gland to uterus
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isthmus
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what part of mullerian duct provides nutritional support for embryos
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uterus
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The blank is responsible for perceiving sound
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lagena (cochlea in mammals)
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trace sound entering
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Sound enters the external auditory meatus, moves the tympanum, triggers ear ossicles, moves the fenestra ovalis, triggers hairs on the organ of corti and the basilar membrane
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In fish (blank) is analogical to the tympanum
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gas bladder
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Anuran amphibs localize sound more efficiently by the (blank) & the double (blank) route.
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pharynx, cochlear
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Facial ruff or disk and asymmetrical auditory meatuses allow owls to blank sounds
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localize
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found in most fish, detect electrical fields, modified neuromast cells?
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Electroreceptors
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what receptors send impulses to CNS at constant rate?
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electroreceptos
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What duct only drains kidney in pronephros and meso/opisthonephros
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archinephric
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mullerian ducts form?
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oviduct, uterus, vagina
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archinephric duct on males becomes
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dutus deferens
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t/f occasionaly a mullerian duct forms in males & is functional
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false- never functional
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mullerian=
Matanephric= Archinephric= |
oviduct
ureter wolffian, ductus deferens, pronephric, opishthonephric duct, mesonephric duct |
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ovary produces?
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hormones and mature ova
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how many primary oocyes are females born with
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500,000
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t/f only several hundred oocytes complete oogenesis
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true
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detect water currents, maintain balance, and hear sounds
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mechanoreceptors
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hair cells are concentrated in blank cells
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nueromast
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hairs are embedded in gel like cap called
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cupula
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basic unit is hair cell, not really hair
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true
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blank line system detects water currents?
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lateral
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lateral lines found where?
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head & side of fish
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Blank cells react directly to water currents
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neuromast
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balancing organ
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vestibular apparatus
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vestibular apparatus is neuromast cells called the blank & are located w/in the sacculus & utriculus
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macula
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sense of smell is usually well developed in fish
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nasal passages- chemoreceptors
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detect energy in the electromagnetic spectrum
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radiation receptors
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sensitive to light, eye structure
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photoreceptors
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forms the white of the eye & connects w/ muscles
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sclera
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3 parts of uvea
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coroid, ciliary body, iris
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photosensitive layer containing rods and cones
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retina
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detect heat
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infared detectors
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boa-
pythons- pit vipers- |
free nerve endings for heat
labial pits facial pits |
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perception is based on what in theory of specific nerve energies?
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what type of nerve ending the signal is coming from
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theory of complexes of nerve endings are associated with a particular location
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pattern theory of sensation
- different combinations of patterns of sensation interpreted differnetly |
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sensitive to chemical stimuli
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chemoreceptors
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found in nasal passages, vomeronasal organ, and mouth
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chemoreceptors
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t/f fish have chemorectors on their body
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true
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taste buds occur on the blank lining of the blank
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tongue, pharynx
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3 nerves enervate the taste buds
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facial, vagus, glossopharyngeal
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found on the ligual papillae
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chemoreceptors
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terminus of nerve enclosed in special sturcutes
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encapsulated sensory receptors
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perceive touch, temp, pressure?
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encapsulated sensory receptors
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deformation of the capsule initiates
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an action potential
ex: touch or pressure- meissners corpuscle warmth- ruffini corpuscle cold- end-bulb or kause pressure or touch- pacini corpuscles |
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terminus of nerve wrapped around another organ
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associate sensory receptors
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located between muscles cells that do the work
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intrafusal muscles cell
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clustered on muscle
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nuclear bag intrafusal
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strung out on muscle
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nuclear chain intrafusal
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tension recorders
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golgi tendon organs
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theory where each nerve ending is associated with specific sense
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theory of specific nerve energies
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t/f organisms must possess irritability to be alive
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true
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type of receptors monitor internal/external environment
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sensory receptors
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called when receptors translate forms of energy
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transducers
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sensations we are concions of are called
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perception
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neurons specialized for detecting and transmitting info
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sensory neurons
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converts energy from one form to another
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transducer
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t/f all receptors translate energy into common currency
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true
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3 categories of generalized receptors
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free, encapsulated, associated
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lack only special association?
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free sensory
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perceive pain,
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free sensory
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