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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chordate Plesiomorphies |
Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry, coelom, Metameric, deuterostomes, generally cephalized body plan (hemi-chordates), pharyngeal slits |
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What are the big 4 chordate synapomorphies? |
notochord, dorsol hollow nerve tube, postanal tail, endostyle |
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3 major chordate groups |
urochordates cephalochrodates craniates |
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Major highlights of craniate evolution? |
A new head (it has a brain) Vertebrae dorsal braincase and bones paired pectoral appendages Jaws Air sac Ray and lobed fins Paired Limbs Amniote Egg |
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Heterochrony |
changes in nthe timing and/or rate of devo revealed as truncated devolopment |
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Padeomorphosis |
descendants resemble earlier stages of ancestors; interspcific or ancestor/descendent |
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Von baer’s Law
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general features develop earlier than do specialized features that distinguish groups
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Biogenetic Law
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features that develop earliest in ontogeny are the oldest phylogenetically and features developing later in otogeny are of more recent phylogenetic origin |
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Convergence
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independent evolution of similar adaptive features in unrelated organisms
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Homoplasy
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similarity not derived from common ancestry
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Homology
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structures derived from the same developmental and evolutionary origin regardless of present appearance or function
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Taxonomy
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the theory and rules for the description and naming organisms that we want to group
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Systematics
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where do we put them on a tree and methods we choose to do this. It places organisms into a hierarchial naming system
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Cladistic classification/Phylogenetic systematics
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a taxonomy and classification that reflects the evolutionary history based on shared derived characteristics not overall similarity.
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Clades
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groups including an ancestor and all of its descendants
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Monophyly
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the rule for grouping—a group that shares a common ancestor and ALL of its decendants
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Paraphyly
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a group that shares a common ancestor but one or more descendants are omitted (basically emitting birds from reptiilia)
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Polyphyly
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a group with multiple ancestors
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Sister Groups
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closest relatives of a group in a phylogenetic tree. From an ingroup, it is the closest outgroup
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Triploblastic
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3 embryonic germ layers (Ecto, meso, endoderm)
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Coelom
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internal organ housed in own cavity- tube within a tube
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Metameric
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segmented body
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Deuterostome
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blastopore forms the anus as opposed to protostomes
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What is the pharynx and gill slits used primarily for?
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Feeding
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Notochord
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axial rod of connective tissue that becomes intervertebral discs.
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Dorsal hollow nerve tube
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contains the CNS and PNS. From the neural plate to groove to tube
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Postanal Tail
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caudal extension of body axis posterior to the anus
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Endostyle
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was associated with mucus secretion associated with filter feeding. Basically the thyroid gland.
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What are the important parts of a new head in the craniates?
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Neural crest, paired external sense organs, 5 part brain
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Synapomorphies for the craniates?
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New head, cartilage, 1 semi circular canal
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Myxinoidea
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hagfishes. Non-vert craniate. Survived because of feeding methods.
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Petromyzontida
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Lampreys. Survived because of feeding modes and secondarily lost bone
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Gnathostomes
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Animals where the arches appear around notochord and neural tube.
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Ostracoderms
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extremely numerous in fossil record. Dermal armor. Sensitive electro sensory systems to detect pray
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Synapomorphies for the vertebrata?
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Vertebrae, bone, dermal braincase
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Vertebrae
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protection for the spinal cord and stiff axial rod for support
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Gnathostome synapomorphies
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pelvic appendages, occiput on skull, 3rd semi circular canal
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Chondrichthyes
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rays, chimeras, sharks
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Osteichthyes
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animals that have a lung precursor
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Actinopterygii
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ray finned fish
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Sarcopterygii
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lobed fined fishes
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3 major groups of actinopterygii?
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Basal taxa, holostei, telostei
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3 major groups of sarcopterygii
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actinistia, dipnoi, tetrapoda
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Who are the amniotes?
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Mammals, testudines, squamates, rhyncocephalia, crocodilian, aves.
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Groups of mammalia?
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Prototheria (monotremes), metatheria (marsupials), eutheria (placentals)
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