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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
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New liberalism
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rests on the view that unrestrained capitalism is a hindrance to true freedom.
offered positive freedom that would allow individuals to prosper with public assistance in health, education and welfare. included government intervention in the economy to provide full employment and protection of human rights widely adopted and implemented in much of the capitalist world, particularly following the Second World War. |
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Conservatism
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supports tradition and the status quo, or that calls for a return to the values and society of an earlier age
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Social democracy
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Social democracy emerged in the late 19th century from the socialist movement
The fundamental difference between social democratic thought and other forms of socialism, such as orthodox Marxism, is a belief in the primacy of political action as opposed to the primacy of economic action or economic determinism modern social democracy has deviated from socialism, and supports positions that include support for a democratic welfare state ] Social democrats aim to reform capitalism democratically through state regulation and the creation of programs that work to counteract or remove the social injustice and inefficiencies they see as inherent in capitalism. |
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Classical liberalism
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Central to the classical liberalism of the nineteenth century is a commitment to the liberty of individual citizens. Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly were core commitments of classical liberalism, as was the underlying conception of the proper role of just government as the protection of the liberties of individual citizens. Also central to classical liberalism was a commitment to a system of free markets as the best way to organize economic life.
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Socialism
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refers to various theories of economic organization advocating public or direct worker ownership and administration of the means of production and allocation of resources, and a society characterized by equal access to resources for all individuals with a method of compensation based on the amount of labor expended.
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International demonstration effect
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in developing nations, pressure to increase access to material goods rapidly increases primarily because people "come into contact with superior goods or superior patterns of consumption, with new articles or new ways of meeting old wants". As a result, he argued, these people are "apt to feel after a while a certain restlessness and dissatisfaction. Their knowledge is extended, their imagination stimulated; new desires are aroused"
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Core
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In World Systems Theory, the core countries are the industrialized capitalist countries on which periphery countries and semi-periphery countries depend. In the current world system, the United States is the key core country.
These countries usually receive a disproportionate large share of global wealth with a strong middle class but a larger working class. Capitalist elites coerce the periphery to work for lower wages and lower prices, thus causing the core to grow at the expense of the periphery. |
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Periphery
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are the countries which are not as developed as the semi-periphery countries and the core countries.
These countries usually receive a disproportionate small share of global wealth. They have weak state institutions and are dependent on - according to some, exploited - by the more powerful countries. |
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Coercive accumulation
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Dependency theory is a body of social science theories predicated on the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the "world system".
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Permanent revolution
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Marx used it to describe the strategy of a revolutionary class to continue to pursue its class interests independently and without compromise, despite overtures for political alliances, and despite the political dominance of opposing sections of society.
Trotsky put forward his conception of 'permanent revolution' as an explanation of how socialist revolutions could occur in societies that had not achieved advanced capitalism. Trotsky's theory also argues, first, that the bourgeoisie in late-developing capitalist countries are incapable of developing the productive forces in such a manner as to achieve the sort of advanced capitalism which will fully develop an industrial proletariat. Second, that the proletariat can and must, therefore, seize social, economic and political power, leading an alliance with the peasantry. |
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Collectivization
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Collective farming was sweepingly introduced in the 12 core republics of the Soviet Union between 1928 and 1933.
In all communist countries, the transition to collective farming involved an element of persuasion by force In the Soviet Union, collectivization was introduced by Stalin in the late 1920s as a way, according to the theories of communist leaders, to boost agricultural production through the organization of land and labor into large-scale collective farms mmediate effect of forced collectivization was to reduce grain output and almost halve livestock, thus producing major famines in 1932 and 1933 Most modern historians believe that this famine was caused by the sudden disruption of production brought on by collective farming policies that were implemented by the government of the Soviet Union. Some believe that, due to unreasonably high government quotas, farmers often received far less for their labor than they did before collectivization, and some refused to work; others retaliated by destroying their crops. |
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Salvationism
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Socialism in one country
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a thesis put forth by Joseph Stalin in 1924, elaborated by Nikolai Bukharin in 1925 and finally adopted as state policy by Stalin. The thesis held that given the defeat of all communist revolutions in Europe from 1917–1921 except in Russia, the Soviet Union should begin to strengthen itself internally. Though promoted at the time as an ideology of necessity, not core belief, the theory came to define the course of political construction within the Soviet Union throughout its history
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Dictatorship of the proletariat
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denotes the transitional socialist State between the capitalist class society and the classless communist society
the proletarian government would replace the incumbent capitalist economic system and its socio-political supports, i.e. the “dictatorship of the bourgeoisie” |
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Cult of personality
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when a country's leader uses mass media to create an idealized and heroic public image, often through unquestioning flattery and praise.
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Revolutionary nationalism
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Fascism is an authoritarian nationalist ideology[4][5][6][19] which promotes national revolution, national collectivism, a totalitarian state, and irredentism or expansionism to unify and allow the growth of a nation. Fascists often promote ethnic nationalism but also have promoted cultural nationalism including cultural assimilation of people outside a specific ethnic group.
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Cultural revolution
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a period of widespread social and political upheaval in the People’s Republic of China between 1966 and 1976, resulting in nation-wide chaos and economic disarray.
It was launched by Mao Zedong, the chairman of the Communist Party of China, on May 16, 1966, who alleged that "liberal bourgeois" elements were permeating the party and society at large and that they wanted to restore Capitalism. He insisted that these elements be removed through post-revolutionary class struggle by mobilizing the thoughts and actions of China’s youth, who formed Red Guards groups around the country. The movement subsequently spread into the military, urban workers, and the party leadership itself. |
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Guerilla war/People's war
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a military-political strategy invented by Mao Zedong. The basic concept behind People's War is to maintain the support of the population and draw the enemy deep into the interior where the population will bleed them dry through a mix of 'Mobile Warfare' and Guerrilla warfare. The term is used by Maoists for their strategy of long-term armed revolutionary struggle.
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Red guards
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a mass movement of civilians, mostly students and other young people in the China, who were mobilized by Mao Zedong in 1966 and 1967, during the Cultural Revolution.
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