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265 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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During what time period was the Tain written down?
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7th - 9th C. CE
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What are the three functions of Dumezil's Indo-european myth concept?
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-The Kings/Sacred
-The Warriors -The Fertile |
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Who is Elizabeth Gray?
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The translator of our version of the Second Battle of Mag Tuired
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With what qualities is Dumezil's first function associated?
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Magical knowledge
Sovereignty |
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Which members of society are considered first function in the Dumezilian layout?
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Priests and kings
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With what qualities is the Dumezilian second function associated?
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Physical/martial force/prowess
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Which members (broadly) of society and of stories represent the Dumezilian second function?
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The warrior aristocracy (can include "executive aspects" of kingship) and the comitatus
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With what qualities is the Dumezilian third function associated?
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Beauty, abundance/prosperity, pleasure, voluptuousness, peace, fruitfulness
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Which members of society represent the Dumezilian third function?
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Free commoners = farmers, herdsmen and artisans
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According to the Dumezilian concept of Indo-European myth, what sort of event causes the generation of myths?
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An imbalance in the functions (usually the 3rd function trying to eclipse the first or second) that causes some necessity for each function to be re-defined with respect to the others.
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What is a "War of the Functions"?
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A myth-generating event in which a figure from one function (usu. 3rd) attempts to usurp the position of a figure from another.
Result is generally 1st and 2nd function v. 3rd function |
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Who represent the first and second functions in the Second Battle of Mag Tuired?
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Lugh (and Nuadhu) and the Tuatha De Danaan
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Who represents the 3rd function in The 2nd Battle of Mag Tuired?
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Bres the Beautiful (son of a Tuatha De princess and a Formorian prince) and the Fomorians
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What evidence is shown to demonstrate Bres' ill-fit to kingship?
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-Not generous
-Causes 2nd function figures to perform 3rd function work -Makes a bad judgement |
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Who are the Rees brothers?
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Alwyn and Brinley Rees are scholars who re-interpreted the Dumezilian functional order to better fit the Celtic mythic structure
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In what way does the Rees' brothers' interpretation of the Dumezilian functional order change from its template?
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5 functions instead of 3:
-Sacred -Martial -Fertile -Serfs (Otherworld, artisans) -Aborigines (Kingship) |
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Define: side
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The Otherworld. A land of the dead, another time continuum, associated with water and burial mounds, associated with happiness and with music
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Who wrote the Book of Invasions, and why is it important?
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Fintan's Book of Invasions gives the association of the provinces with the functions that they represent:
Ulter (N) -- Battle Connacht (W) -- Learning Munster (S) -- Music Leinster (E) -- Prosperity Meath (C) -- Sovereignty |
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According to Mallory, where did proto-Indo-European develop?
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Between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea
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Who is Cessair?
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The first woman, who symbolizes land and water. A Rees brothers'5th function figure, through whom they connect aborigines to kingship
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What are the cycles of Irish literature?
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The Mythic Cycle (ancient history)
The Ulster Cycle/Red Branch (5th C. CE) The Fenian Cycle (3rd C. CE) The Historical Cycle (3rd - 8th C. CE) |
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With which characters is the mythic cycle concerned? What culture does this reflect?
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This cycle is concerned with the Tuatha De Danaan, and reflects the LaTene culture and ancient history
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Who are the Tuatha De Danaan?
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The "tribes of the goddess Danu" = the Laigin (c. 200-100 BCE) who occupy Ireland before the "Sons of Mil" = the Goidels
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With what time period and what people is the Ulster Cycle concerned?
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5th C. CE warriors (esp. Cuchulainn, the warrior of Conchobor and the Ulstermen), but hearkens back to the LaTene culture of the 5th C. BCE
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From what time period does our manuscript of the Tain date?
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An 11th C. manuscript based on two distinct 9th C. manuscripts.
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Who is the major figure in the Fenian Cycle Literature, and what is interesting about this cycle with respect to other Celtic works?
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Fin Mac Aimaill, whose tales have resonance with Arthurian romances
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What story types characterize the Historical Cycle (King's Cycle) of Irish Literature?
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Concerned with the 3rd-8th C. CE, but otherwise more or less a catchall for tales that are not of the other types
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What is the significance of Donn Cuailnge?
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Donn Cuailnge is the great brown bull of Ulster, for possession of whom Medb of Connacht gathers Ireland against Ulster
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Why can't the men of Ulster fight in their time of greatest need?
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Because they forced Macha, the horse goddess sovereignty figure to race a chariot while in labor, and are cursed with labor pangs in their time of greatest need
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Who is Etain?
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The mother of Medb; a beautiful sovereignty figure, a side of Danu. She is famous for her skill at pouring wine.
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Who are the two Medbs of literature?
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Name Medb = "intoxicating one"
Medb Cruachna, "of red skin"/"of red blood" (associated with Connacht) Medb Lethderg, "half red"/"half bloody" (associated with Leinster) |
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What is the significance of Medb's bride price in the Dumezilian concept?
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-A man without niggardliness, because a king (1st function) must be generous
-A man without fear, because the warrior must be courageous (2nd function) -A man without jealousy (3rd function) |
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What is the significance of Medb's bride price in the Rees brothers' concept?
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A king must be entirely without fault
-Warriors have jealousy, but not fear or stinginess -Farmers may fear, but they must be generous -Serfs are full of fault |
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Who is Aillil?
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The 3rd husband of Medb. Embodies all the characteristics of a good king, but is otherwise not a terribly significant figure in the Tain
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On which 3 major recessions is the Kinsella version of the Tain based?
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The LUU = the Lebhor na hUiche (Book of the dun Cow, c.1100)
The LL = Book of Leinster (12th C.) Later recessions |
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In which two manuscripts is the LUU recession of the Tain found?
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In the Book of Dun Cow (c. 1100) and in the Yellow Book of Lecan (c. 14th C.)
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What is Cuchulainn's name, as given to him by his adopted parents?
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Setanta = "pathfinder" => messenger/Mercury/Lugh
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What are the forms of the Morrighan?
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-Bodb = "sculd crow"
-Nemhain = "frenzy" -Macha, the horse goddess |
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What is "fir fer", and why is it important?
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"Fir fer" = "the truth of men"
This is the most important rule of combat in the heroic code = one-to-one combat; a fair fight. VERY prominent in the Ulster Cycle. This externally imposed social code becomes internalized as the heroic code as chivalry develops |
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Define: geis
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A taboo
These come in social and in personal forms (e.g. Fergus' personal geis that he cannot pass an alehouse without entering) |
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What are the three houses of Conchobor, what do they contain and what do they represent?
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The Red Branch (1st Function)
-Where the King sits The Twinkling Hoard (2nd Function) -Where the shields and spears are stored The Ruddy Branch (3rd Function) -Spoils of war and severed heads |
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What is the warp spasm, and what does it illustrate about the second function?
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The warp-spasm is the great warrior's frenzy of rage in which he will kill everything around him. It shows that it is possible to be too good at second function skills, and so second function figures need to be controlled.
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What is the gaebolga?
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A weapon thrown by the foot from the water that enters through the anus and sends barbs through the innards. Only Cuchulainn can use it, and it at once gives him an unfair advantage and makes him the best warrior of all time.
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What is interesting about T.F. O'Reilly's etymology of gaebolga?
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He refers to the Erainn, the Fir Bolg, who inhabited Ireland and whose weapon, the lightning (bolg) was captured by Lugh when the Tuatha De conquered. From then on, all major weapons contained the term "bolg", including Fergus' Caladbolg = Caladfwlch
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What is the most important consideration of the Germanic hero when in battle to win his glory?
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It only counts if it's external and in public
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In which of the Irish literary cycles is the concept of fir fer most prominent?
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In the Ulster cycle
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What is "fir catha"?
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A late flipping-around of the heroic ethos of fir fer. Rather than might makes right, this assumes that right makes might (see in Beowulf)
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What are the four invasions of Ireland, and when do they occur?
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The Cruithin c. 500 BCE
The Erainn, c. 400 BCE The Laigin, c. 200 BCE The Goidels, c. 100 BCE |
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Among which people was the Beowulf tale likely composed?
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Among the West Saxons and British Danes
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At what time period is Beowulf supposed to have taken place an how can we tell?
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Middle of the 6th C.; situate by Hygelac's raids on the Franks, 520 CE
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Who is Jack Niles?
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A scholar on Beowulf who posited the theme of community and its defense as the central theme of the work. Also suggested the time of writing of this version c. 926 CE (wedding of Saxon king Athelstan's sister to the Norse king of York)
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What is the Danelaw?
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Established in 878 CE, this region represents the area of Britain in which Danish law and custom held sway.
Other notes: -This is in contrast to Wessex and Mercia -Only politically dominated by the Danes for 50 years, but retained Viking socio-political/cultural characteristics much longer |
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What is the significance of Edward the Elder and Athelstan?
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These Kings of Wessex (who ruled from 859-924 and 924-939, respectively) were also protectors of the British Danes
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What is the importance of Shield Sheafson and of Beow to the Scandinavians? The West Saxons?
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These figures are not made much of in Scandinavian tradition, but are listed as ancestors of the West Saxon royal line
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What are the divisions suggested by Joseph Duggan in his interpretation of Beowulf?
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3 sittings, each established around one of the tripartheid Indo-European opponents
-First about Grendel (a first function threat) -Second about Grendel's mother (a second function threat) -Third about the dragon (a third function threat) |
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Who proposed the idea of community as the central theme of Beowulf?
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Jack Niles
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What does the description of Grendel as the agenga mean?
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Agenga = lone-goer, the anti-community figure who denies and even breaks the bonds that hold society together
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What are the four layers of chivalry, from earliest to latest, and in what literary mode are they transmitted?
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1. Indo-european mythology (oral tradition)
2. Heroic ethos/germanic tradition (sagas and epics) 3. Christianity 4. Social arts, manners, and accomplishments of the High Middle Ages (Romances) |
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What attitude and values characterize the Germanic/heroic code?
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-Pursuit of glory/honor/fame
Values: -Generosity to one's followers -Loyalty to one's lord, no matter the odds -Martial prowess |
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What is the comitatus?
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The war band, held to the king by bonds of reciprocity.
Decribed by Tacitus in his Germania, c. 1st-2nd C. CE |
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What are the moral imperatives overlaid onto the heroic ethos with the advent of Christianity?
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1. Belief in God
2. Humility 3. Chastity 4. Charity 5. The use of power to protect the weak |
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What are the major arts/skills that become important with the romantic layer of chivalry?
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1. Art of music/poetry
2. Fin amour 3. Refined manners 4. Eloquent conversation 5. Horsemanship, jousting, hunting |
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What must occur at the end of a war of the functions?
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The estranged function must be reincorporated into society to restore the balance of community
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If Cuchulainn is a euhemerization of Lugh, who is Beowulf?
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Odin...a Germanic Lugh!
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What is the division of the first function suggested by John Hill?
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-Magical leader (Lugh, Odin)
-Contract Leader (Nuadhu, Tyr) |
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How is the third function reincorporated into society in the Second Battle of Mag Tuired?
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Bres is spared on the condition that he tell the secrets of agriculture
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How is the third function reincorporated into society in the Tain?
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Cuchulainn spares Medb on account of she is a woman
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Who is Wiglaf?
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The last of the Waemundings, Beowulf's line, and the only member of the comitatus who fulfills his obligation to the King during the dragon fight
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Which three peripheral stories in Beowulf play into the theme of the fall of society?
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-The Lament of the Last Survivor (death is preferable when community is obliterated)
-The Father's Lament (death is preferable when the rules of society cannot be honored) The Messenger's Prophecy (images of the breakdown of society) |
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What is the most prominent sin in Beowulf?
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Fratricide
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Who is Unferth?
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A foreign refugee seeking sanctuary in Hrothgar's hall after committing fratricide. The closest thing to an evil human character in Beowulf
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From which old French dialect did modern French arise, and in whose reign?
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Francien, the Paris dialect, became dominant in the reign of Phillipe-Auguste
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What is the significance of the Pact of Strasbourg?
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842 Pact between the grandsons of Charlemagne, Louis the Germanic and Charles the Bold against their third brother, Lother, gives a record of Old French (and Middle-High German)
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Which texts give us a sample of Old French?
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The Pact of Strasbourg (842)
The Sequence of Saint Eulalia (881) |
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In what year and under which Frankish king did the French convert to Christianity?
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Under Clovis in 496
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On which manuscript is our Roland translation based, and when was it written?
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The Digby 23 (currently held at the Bodleian Library at Oxford) from the 2nd quarter of the 12th C.
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On what historical event is the Chanson de Roland most likely based?
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The battle of Ronceveaux is probably based on the loss of Charles' rear guard in a pass in the Pyranees on August 15, 778
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What is the Karlemagnus Saga and why is it important?
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A Scandinavian translation of lost chansons de geste about Charlemagne. Written c.1250 for Hakon Harkonarson.
Contains record of Charlemagne's incest with sister Gille (Gilem) and the miracle of the revelation to St. Giles (Egidrus) |
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In which texts is there evidence of Charlemagne's sin?
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Karlemagnus Saga (c.1250)
14th C.: -Ronsasvals (fragment) -Tristan de Nanteuil -Jean d'Outremeuse's Myrreur des Histoires |
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From which source do we get an account of the battle in the Pyranees upon which the Chanson de Roland is most likely based?
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Einhard's 9th C. work, Life of Charlemagne (Vita Karoli Magni)
-Has this as a battle against the Wascones (Basques, Gacones), rather than the Arabs in the Pyranees on 8.15.778 -Lists Roland among the dead |
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From which sources do we get information about the Battle of Roncevaux?
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9th/10th C. (several)
-Life of Saint Louis -Monk of St. Gal -Chronicle of Regin ... The two coins Mid-11th C.: Nota Emilianense (first explicit mention of the Battle of Roncevaux against the Saracens. Apparently based on a Spanish version of the Roland) |
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Who was Turoldus?
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A scribe of the chanson de Roland, and perhaps the composer of this version.
Suggested Turoldus of Fecamp and Peterborough (1070), the Canon of Bayeux and Abbott of Peterborough, whose library was transferred to Oxford after his death. Fought at the Battle of Hastings, where the Song of Roland was sung! |
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What is the pseudo-Turpin chronicle?
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The Historia Karoli Magni et Rontolandi, a Latin telling of the Chanson de Roland and part 4 of the Book of St. James, a relics tour guide type book
12 C? |
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What is the evidence for the Baligant episode as a late addition?
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-Baligant never mentioned until the episode starts
-Appearance of new members of the French nobility -French return home afterward without conquering Saragossa -No similar laisses -No epic blows |
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How many lines are devoted to Aude in the CV7 v. in the Oxford?
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995 compared to 26
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From approximately what time frame does the rhymed redaction date?
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End of 12th/beginning of 13th C.
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Who is Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube?
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Poet of Girard de Vienne, a prequel to the Chanson de Roland, likely written before the rhymed version
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What is the importance of the Roi Renaud?
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Ballad in which a similar storyline to the Aude episode is found. Palombo suggests that this is evidence that the Aude episode was written later, drawing from the original Roland text and formulae in the epic tradition.
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What is the significance of sexuality in the Aude episode?
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Symbolizes the termination/negation/end of what might have been a powerful union/geneology that could never be because of Charlemagne's sin
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What signals the importance of Aude as a central character in the CV7 text of the Chanson de Roland:
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-Has prophetic dreams
-Performs miracles -Angels take her soul directly to heaven upon death |
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Who represents the first function in the Chanson de Roland?
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In the original Oxford:
Charlemagne = magical ruler Naimes (maybe) = contract ruler In the Baligant Oxford: God = magical ruler Charlemagne = contract ruler |
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Who represents the second function in the Chanson de Roland?
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Roland and the twelve peers (comitatus)
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What is the Law of Cuenca and why is it important?
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-A Spanish law that specifies the execution of the perpetrator and 30 of his/her kin in punishment for regicide
-Likely derived from the Visigoth invaders' law, and probably reflects the Frankish law that was enforced on Ganelon for the betrayal of Roland (heir) |
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What precedents exist for applying the Dumezilian functional outline to chansons de geste?
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Joel Griswald (though work done on Southern texts), Georges Duby (1978), and Arthur Goldhammer
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What proposition by Foltz allows for Indo-Euopean element in the Roland?
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That, despite the early conversion to Christianity by Clovis in 496, pagan beliefs persisted in rural areas well into the 7th C., and shadows of these beliefs likely color stories for many years after that.
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To what cultural time frame does the Tain look?
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To the 5th C. BCE and the LaTene culture
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What is the nature of the society of the Tain?
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Traditional, external, public
Glory/shame based Kinship-oriented warrior aristocracy |
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From what time does the Beowulf manuscript date?
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1000 CE
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What is the Wiltshire Charter and what is its importance?
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931 CE document contains place names Beowan Ham and Grendelesmere, which imply that they story was well in circulation by this time
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Who is Sihtric and why is he important?
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The Norse King of York who married Athelstan's sister in 925(6), anchoring relationship between the Scandinavians and the West Saxons
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Which event in the Roland text represents the reincorporation of the 3rd function?
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The conversion of Bramimonde
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To what poem is the dragon episode of Beowulf and Wiglaf compared? Who is whom?
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"The Battle of Maldon" poem about the 10th C. battle of the same name in which the English were attacked by the Scandinavians (occurs on August 10, 991)
Beowulf = Byrhtnoth Wiglaf = Byrhtwold |
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Which scholar proposed the writing-down of Beowulf as we know it to have been c. 926 and why?
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Jack Niles suggests 926 CE because it was at this time that Athelstan the Saxan gave his sister in marriage to the Norse King of York
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In what way is Medb the quintessential destabilizing 3rd function figure?
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She is associated with blood; the blood of life (fertility) and the blood of death (chaos)
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How many new Frankish noblemen are introduced for the Baligant episode and which are the most interesting?
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10, including Rabel and Guinement, who take the place of Roland and Oliver
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What/when are the 3 relevant French dynasties?
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Merovingians (pre-751)
Carolingians (751-987) Capetians (post-987) |
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For how long were the Arabs in Spain?
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711-1492 CE
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Who prevented the Arabs from conquering France, where and when?
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Charles Martel in 732 at Tours
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What are the names of the brown and white bulls in the Tain?
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Donn Cuailnge and Finnbenach
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What date is associated with the Lanzelet text?
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1194
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What is the oldest Germanic Arthurian romance?
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Hartman von Aue's Erec
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When did Hartman von Aue flourish?
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1180-1203
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In what dialect is the "French Book" referred to by Ulrich in Lanzelet?
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Anglo-Norman. We know because of the names.
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What are the time layers of Lanzelet?
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Cyfarwyddydd
Breton conteurs French book Ulrich |
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Who was Hugh de Morville?
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A forrester (Cumberland, Northumberland) associated with Inglewood forest. Likely the patron form who the Lanzelet text was copied into an Anglo-Norman book
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Why is Lanzelet dated to 1194?
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Because this is when Hugh de Morville went to Germany as part of the ranom for Richard the Lionheart
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Who us the principal sovereignty figure in the Lanzelet text?
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Yblis
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What is the "third man" theme, and from where does it derive?
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Three companions encounter an undesirable woman who asks them to kiss or sleep with her. The first two refuse, but the last does and then she becomes the beautiful sovereignty figure. And he becomes king.
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How does the portrayal of Arthur in the Lanzelet differ from that in the romances?
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He is stronger, more heroic, more active, more Celtic.
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What are the main themes of the mythic history of Britain?
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Unity of Britain (w/ crown at London)
Loss of Sovereignty (Wales and Rome) Restoration of British Hegemony (Prophecy) |
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What is the Merlin-Taliesin-Ambrosius collocation, and what do we learn about it from Geoffrey?
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The archetypal poet-prophet who lives throughout all time. We see the boy-seer Merlin prophecying before Vortigern
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What is interesting about the wars-and-celebrations pattern of the Arthur tale in Geoffrey?
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-In Battle, Arthur is the dux bellorum (Nennius)
-In peace, he is a Norman King |
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What is the significance of the "Tournament of the AntiChrist"?
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-Fullest early reference to Chretien, referring to him in praise
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What is the earliest reference to Chretien?
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Raimbaut d'Aurenga c. 1173 refers to him under the senhal "Carestia," teasing him with references to the Tristan story
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Who is the first known trouvere?
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Chretien de Troyes
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In what year did Marie de Champagne marry the Compte de Champagne?
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1159
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Who was Philip of Flanders, and when did he die?
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The man who commissioned Perceval, who died in 1191
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What time frame is associated with the writing of Perceval?
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1180-1191
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In what year did Chretien write Erec and Enide?
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c. 1170
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In what year did Chretien write Cliges?
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1176
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In what year(s) did Chretien write Yvain and Lancelot?
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1777
1179/1181 |
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What evidence in Erec and Enide suggests a Plantagenet audience?
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Coronation at Nantes. In 1169, Georges, son of Henry II was betrothed to Constance of Brittany at the Christmas court of Henry II in Nantes.
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Who is the first known troubadour, and when did he live?
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William IX of Aquitaine, Count of Poitiers (1071-1127)
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True or false, William IX of Aquitaine invented the concept of troubadours
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False: Though he is the first troubadour on record, the movement had already been flourishing when he began
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How did governance by Roman v. German law affect women?
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By Roman law, women were allowed to inherit
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Who was the last known troubadour, and when did he die?
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Giraut Riquier, 1296
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Who coined the term "amour cortois?"
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Gaston Paris
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Define: Senhal
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False name for the lady of a poem
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Define: jongleurs
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singers of epics, who could also be trouadours
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Describe Moshe Lazar's concept of courtly love
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-Conjugal courtly love
-Fin'amors -L'amour-passion (fate) |
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Who was William IX Aquitaine?
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9th duke of Aquitaine and 1st known troubadour
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What is the Khardja?
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An astrophic mono-rhyme found in pre-711 Hispano-Arabic love poems. Always sung by women.
Interestingly, it was always in a different language from the body of the (love) poem (muwashlshalha) |
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In what way did William's crusades influence his poetry?
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Likely got the rhyme scheme from arab poetry on the 2nd Crusade (to Spain, 1119-1120)
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Define: Chansonnier
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A manuscript containing troubadour works, most copied in Italy
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What is the structure of the entries in a chansonnier?
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Vida (short biography)
Poem Razo (reason for writing the poem) |
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What are the 3 styles of troubadour poetry?
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Trobar clus (hermetic, obscure)
Trobar leu (very clear) Trobar ric (highly ornamented) |
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What are the major troubadour subject/structure genres?
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-Canzo (love song)
-Sirventes/serventois (war song with canzo melody) -Tenso (debate poem in which 1st poet adopts a view) -Joc partit (witty debate poem in which 1st poet proposes a topic) |
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What percentage of troubadour poetry was recorded with music?
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10%
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Define: coblas
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Stanza of troubadour poetry
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Who were the noteworthy 2nd generation troubadours? During what general time frame did they flourish?
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Mid-12th C.
Marcabru (fl 1129-1150) Cercamon (fl 1137-1152) Jaufre Rudel (mid-12th) |
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Define: tornada
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= envoi = couplet at end of many troubadour poems
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Define: envoi
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= tornada = couplet at end of many troubadour poems
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What are the dramatic troubadour genres?
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Alba (watchman for the lovers)
Pastoreta (knight seducing peasant) Balata (dance song) Planh (honors a dead person) |
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Define: sestina
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-Poem type invented by Arnaut Daniel
-6 coblas with the last word of the last line in one the last word of the first in the next -All 6 rhyme words must appear in the envoi |
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Which poetic genre did we associate with Marcabru?
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Pastoreta
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Which poet do we associate with the planh?
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Bertrand de Born, a lower nobleman
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Which poet do we associate with the alba?
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Giraut de Bornelh (well-respected and moral)
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In which troubadour poem is there a reference to "Tristan"?
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In the Bernaut de Vertadorn. This is likely a senhel for Raimbaut d'Aurenga or another troubadour
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Who was Bernart de Ventadorn?
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-A low-born baker's son who rose through society to become one of the best-respected troubadours of his time. He posed as a lover of Eleanor of Aquitaine, among others of his patrons wives.
-Author of a poem that uses the senhal "Tristan" to refer to Raimbaut d'Aurenga |
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Which poet do we associate with the sirventes?
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Bertrand de Born
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Which rhyme schemes appear in the tenso?
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Coblas doblas (imitation in pairs)
Unisonans (all the same) Singulars (no relationship) Altornados (each has their own) |
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Define: trobairiz
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Female troubadours. We have only 85 songs by trobairiz, of the 2500 troubadour songs we have.
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Who was the Countess of Die
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Trobairiz who loved Raimbaut d'Aurenga
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In which language did the troubadours compose?
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Langue d'hoc
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In which language did the trouveres compose?
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Langue d'oil
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What is the major difference between the troubadours and the trouveres?
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The trouveres water down the adulterous eroticism (joi-delit)
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What it the approximate time frame for Tristan references in the troubadour poetry?
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Middle of the 12th C. (c. 1150-1160)
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Who is Breri/Bleheris/Bledhericus?
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= Bledri = Bleddri
An 11th C. Welshman in the court of Marie de Champagne who told Arthurian tales |
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Who is Hakon Harkonarson, and why was he important?
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13th C. Scandinavian king and friend of Henry III Plantagenet. Had French texts copied (e.g. Karlemagnus Saga c. 1250, Tristan's saga 1226) that give more complete information in stories than their surviving French counterparts
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Who was the translator for Tristan's Saga?
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Friar Robert, 1226
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From when does the Beroul text of Tristan date? What are its key components?
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1191
Takes place in Cornwall, the love potion thing is a big deal and wears off |
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From when does the Thomas version of the Tristan date? What are its key components?
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c. 1155
Takes place in Brittany, love potion less important than the love itself |
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What are the French versions of the Tristan?
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Beroul (1191)
Thomas (c. 1155) Marie de France's lai "Honeysuckle" |
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What are the German versions for the Tristan, and what are their sources?
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-Einhard von Oberge (1170-5), Beroul
-Gottfried von Strassbourg (c. 1210), Thomas |
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What is the British version of the Tristan?
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Sir Tristam (1294-1330 => late)
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What portion of the Tristan story is contained in the Norse Tristan's Saga?
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All 3 parts (Brittany->Cornwall->Brittany)
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What portion of the Tristan story is contained in the Beroul?
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Cornwall
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What portion of the Tristan story is contained in the Thomas?
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Some Cornwall and all of the Second Isolde bit
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What portion of the Tristan story is contained in the Gottfried?
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Brittany => Cornwall
Final Brittany part in our translation comes from the Thomas |
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Who proposed that the Brittany portions of the Tristan tale are a late addition?
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Rachel Bromwich
-Note that this would imply that the Beroul version, though a late manuscript, is an earlier telling |
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How did the Tristan tale arrive in Germany?
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Pictland --> Brittany (Matier de Bretagne) --> Southern France --> Northern France --> Germany
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What sort of courtly love is found in the Tristan?
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Amorpassion
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What does the amorpassion in the Tristan reflect in the original tale?
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Isolde's geis on Tristan
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Define: ministerialis
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Petty knights -- Gottfried von Strassbourg was NOT one of these. He was a higher nobleman
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Who are the famous ministerialis contemporaries of Gottfried?
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-Eilhard de Oberg (1170-5) (trans. Beroul)
-Walter von der Vogelweider (most famous of the minnesangers) -Wolfram von Eschenbach (c. 1170-1220) (trans. grail stories, ring cycle) |
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Define: Minnesanger
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German troubadour
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When did Gottfried von Strassbourg live?
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end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th
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What was initially the unifying theme of the Mabonagi texts?
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All related to the god Maponos, the great son, son of the Dagda and Modron (the great Father and great Mother)
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Who are the major figures in each branch of the Mabonagi?
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Pwyll, Branwen, Manawydon, Math
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Of how many tales (and of what nature) is the "Mabonagion" composed
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11 tales:
-4 branches -2 native Arthurian tales -2 folktales -3 Welsh Arthurian romances |
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What is the theme of the first branch of the Mabonagi?
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Loss of honor=> insult (sarhaed), scorn (tremig)
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When was the Mabonagi collected/unified by a Christian cleric and who proposed the theory?
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9th C.
Brynley Roberts |
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What is the theme of the 2nd branch of the Mabonagi?
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Insult (gwaradwyd) => everyone dies because you can't be "un-insulted"
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What is the theme of the 3rd branch of the Mabonagi?
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Friendship
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What is the theme of the 4th branch of the Mabonagi?
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Shame = cywilydd
You can't "un-shame" |
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What is the importance of "Culhwch and Olwen" in the Arthurian tradition?
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It is the oldest Arthurian tale in the vernacular
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What is the original source for Culhwch and Olwen?
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Pig tales in the mythology
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In what manuscript is the Culhwch and Olwen tale found?
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14th C. Red Book of Hergest and White Book of Rhydderch
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When was Culhwch and Olwen first written down? Who proposed this date and why?
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1181 because Twrch Trwyth landing at Port Clais like Irish Gryffyd ap Cynan when Irish invaded in 1181
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What was the Roman name for Lugh and why is it interesting?
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Mercury Moccus = Pig Mercury
-Lugh was a pig god |
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Who suggested Arthur as a Nodens-Bran figure?
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John Koch
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Who was the historical figure on whom Bran was based?
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Brennos, 3rd C. BC Celtic figure who led the raid on Delphi
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Who is Nodens analgous to in the Roman tradition?
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Mars, although Nodens is also a king and associated with the sea
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About when was the History of the Kings of Britain written
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c. 1136 --> circa because came out in bits and pieces dedicated to different noblemen
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What time span is contained in the Historia Regum Britonniae?
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c. 1240 BCE with the Fall of Troy
689 CE with the death of Cadwallader in Rome |
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Who are Geoffrey's primary sources?
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-Bede, 8th C.
-Nennis, 9th C. (though thinks he's using Gildas, 6th C.) -A liber vetustissimus from Walter, Archdeacon of Oxford |
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What is the strongest evidence that Geoffrey's liber vetustissimus was real?
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Ian Short's discovery that Geoffrey Geimar used it, too!
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Who were the key ancestors of Arthur that make him Breton in Geoffrey?
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Constantine I --> Maximianus -->Conan Meriadocus (King of Brittany) -->Aldrovenus --> Uther PenDragon: Arthur
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What were the 3 divisions of Britain unified at London in the mythic history?
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Y Gogledd
Wales Cornwall |
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Who were the 3 leaders who march on Rome in the mythic history?
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Belius and Brennius
Constantine Arthur |
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Why does Chretien make such a big deal of the Joy of the Court scene in Erec?
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Amor courtois v. fin'amors!
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Who proposed that Erec-Geraint-Bran-Mabonagrin are all the same?
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R.S. Loomis, though seconded by Jean Frappier
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Why would Mabonagrin = god Maponos by the captive of his lady?
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Maponos was famous for his captivity
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What are the themes of Erec and of Geraint?
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-Courtly Love
-Meriting sovereignty |
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What major story theme (adventure type) comes out of the Erec and Enide?
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Pursuit of white animal
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Who is Philip of Alsace?
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The Count of Flanders, who commissioned Perceval
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In which scene does Perceval equal Gawain? In which does he surpass him?
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-Blood drops in the snow episode
-Hideous damsel episode, in which Gawain pursues earthly glory while Perceval makes amends for the wrongs he's done |
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What did Frappier propose as the reason for Perceval's silence at the Grail castle?
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Both a worldly (follows too closely Goornemant's advice) and a spiritual flaw (lack of compassion)
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What are the Byzantine issues with the Grail Procession?
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Women in procession
Mixing of gold and silver |
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What aspects of the Grail procession does the Celtic theory provide?
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-Bleeding Lance, Grail with Wafer, Cutting Tray are tokens of the Tuatha De
-Lameness of Grail/Fisher king and Wasteland imagery -Unasked questions -Destiny of Perceval (and sword) |
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What are the analogs of the objects of the Grail procession
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-Cutting tray = Stone of Fal (this is also the siege perilous)
-Bleeding lance = Spear of Lugh -Perceval's sword =Sword of Nuadhu -Grail = Cauldron of the Dagda |
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What is the significance of the king's fishing?
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Celtic blemish for sovereignty loss translated to sinning in Christian take => pecheur (sinner) -> pescheor (fisher)!
The sin is INCEST |
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Who was the historical Peredur?
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-A son of Eliffer from Y Gogledd (mentioned in Y Goddodin)
-A magistrate of York ("Praetor ab Eburaco" to "Peredur ap Efrawg"?) |
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What is interesting about the name "Yblis"?
|
It is an anagram for "Sibyl," an ancient female diety associated with prophecy and with Morgan la Fee => Lanzelet originally a lover of Morgan la Fee!
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In what manuscript is Sir Gawain found?
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Cotton Nero A.X., Art. 3, British Library
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What stories does the Cotton Nero A.X. contain?
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2 literary homilies: Patience and Clean-ness
1 dream-vision: Pearl 1 romance: Sir Gawain |
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What does "clean-ness" mean in the high middle ages?
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Moral righteousness, purity, and brightness
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What does the pentangle represent in Sir Gawain?
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The qualities of the perfect worldly knight
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What seems to be the major condemnation of the Arthurian ethos in Sir Gawain?
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That fame is more important than honor to them
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What are the major elements of Sir Gawain that suggest Celtic underpinnings?
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-Foretale + main tale construction
-Events taking place around Samhain (Celtic New Year) -Otherworldly place associated with water and a barrow/mound (includes a twrwf) -Green as Glas = color of the sea, an otherworldly color -Bertilak comme bachlach -Cleverness of the Morrighan with words -Bob and wheel poetic structure |
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What is the Irish tale analog to the Sir Gawain tale?
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Bricrius feast, in which a hideous, giant bachlach challenges Cuchulainn in Concobor's court to a beheading game
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What is the main difference between the Green Knight and the bachlach in Bricrius Feast?
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The Green Knight is handsome. No one in the 14th C. wants to hear about an ugly person.
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Who is Caradoc Vreichvras?
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The Welsh figure proposed by Bromwich as the protagonist in the original Welsh version of Sir Gawain
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What is Beltaine?
|
May day, the day in on which most continental adventures take place
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What is Samhain?
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The Celtic New Year, on which there is a connection between the human plane and the otherworld
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What are the two faults with which Gawain accuses himself?
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Cowardyse (opp. courage)
Covetyse (opp. charity) |
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What are the points of the pentangle in the chivalric sense?
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frauchise (charity)
felayschyp (courage) pite (piety/compassion) cortayse (courtesy) clannes (chastity) |
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What are the trials of Gawain?
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The beheading game
The temptations The exchange of winnings |
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What properties characterize fin'amors?
|
1. Life is only worth living when love is the raison d'etre
2. The love is adulterous (fin'amors cannot exist in marriage) 3. The poet-lover is constantly suffering 4. Carnality 5. Invulnerability is conferred onto the lovers 6. Joi => suffering is rewarded by sexual joy 7. Total submission of the lover to his lady |
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How does fin'amors view conjugal courtly love?
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Disdainfully. It is seen as peaceful and monotonous
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What is the major distinction between fin'amors and amorpassion?
|
Whereas in fin'amors it is up to the lover whether he will act on the love (though he is expected to) in amorpassion there is no choice
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What are "pretz," "valors," and "jovens" and why are they important
|
Reputation (external value)
Internal value Youthfulness |
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Define: delit
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The watered-down trouvere version of "joi"
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Which events in the Gawain adventures mirror those of Perceval?
|
-Encounters a helpful boatman (like the Fisher King)
-Man with a silver leg, encrusted with jewels (rich like the rich fisher) -The parallel the Grail Castle at the Castle of the Roche de Champguin -Giromelant who explains it all (like Perceval's cousin) |
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How is Sir Gawain's experience in the Castle of the Roche de Champguin analogous to Perceval's in the Grail Castle?
|
-Some trial
-Meets dead parent and grandparent who become monarchs of the land as it is seen there around the death of Uther PenDragon -Can't be king because he doesn't understand |
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How is Sir Gawain's experience n the Castle of the Roche de Champguin an opposite of Perceval's in the Grail Castle?
|
-The parent/grandparent are male in the Grail castle, female in the Castle of the Roche de Champguin
-While the Grail King/Fisher King rule a wasteland, Ygerne and Norcodes rule a very fertile land |
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What are the adventures of Erec?
|
-The 3 robbers
-The 5 knights -Count Galoain and Guivnet le Petit -2 Giants -Count Oringle de Limors |
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Who are the major sets of doubles in the Chretien?
|
-Erec v. Mabonagrin
-Lancelot v. Yvain -Perceval and Gawain |
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How did the 9th C cleric tie the branches of the Mabonagi together into a coherent story?
|
*Sort of an overarching theme of the importance of forgiveness
I and III by the theme of revenge I and IV by the swine from Annwfn II and III by the return from Ireland (with III, friendship, a flipside of II, insult) |
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What are the important sisters'-sons covered in the course?
|
Roland (Charlemagne)
Cuchulainn (Conchobor) Gawain (Arthur) Perceval (Grail King) Lanzelet (Arthur) |
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Who was Gregory of Tours, and why is he important?
|
Wrote the Historia Franconum, which includes a historical background to the Erec and Enide story (Machliav in Brittany)
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Who was Machliav, and why is he important?
|
The predecessor to Weroc/Gueroc/Erec who wrongfully seized the land of his friend's son after having pledged to protect it. This land was rightfully won back. A story of sovereignty besmirched and re-merited that fits the Erec and Enide tale well
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When did Erec die?
|
550 CE
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What is the background of the Gereint tale?
|
A Breton tale that was translated by Chretien and then re-Celticized in Britain
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What is the earliest mention of Mordred as a traitor?
|
Geoffrey of Monmoth, c. 1136
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In which texts do we get Lugh helping Nodens theme?
|
-2BMT
-Lludd and Llofelys -Perceval -Lanzelet -(backwards in) Culhwch and Olwen |
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What text presents the strongest support of the Sarmatian Arthur, and when was it written?
|
The Legenda Sancti Goeznovii, a Breton text from the 1019 CE, which confirmed Arthur as a dux bellorum who conquered Gaul, as described in Geoffrey
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Who are the Sarmatians?
|
A Scythian cavalry nation, of whom a sub-group was the Iazyges, who, after running afoul of the Romans in 175 CE, had about 8,000 troops conscripted (the cataphracti), of which 5500 were sent to Britain in 500-person units along Hadrian's wall.
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What do we mean by the "Sarmatian Arthur"
|
Arthur is a descendent of or leader of the cataphracti. Possibly a Romanbritish leader.
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What is the Riothamus theory, and what is its main support?
|
Monk of Orcamp (1175) says Arthur is the same Riothamus who corresponded with Sidonus, Bishop of Clermont in 468 CE. This figure attacked Gaul in 468 , but was defeated by the treason of Arvandus, the Roman prefect of Gaul, who calls in the Visigoths (formerly, Alans, another Scythian tribe). Riothamus was mortally wounded, and taken for care to Avallon in the realm of the (friendly) Burgundians.
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What are the non-historical clues suggesting the Riothamus-Arthur?
|
Horses with armor, which was done by the cataphracti, but not common practice in Britain until the 14th C. This mail on horses is even discussed in those continental translations of Arthurian romances in which you can almost make the Celic rhymes, they're so exact.
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Where (in the tale) is the investiture situated in the Erec? The Geraint?
|
-Erec -- end, so that Chretien can have his joy of the court scene
-Geraint -- middle (if it happens at all), when he marries Ened |
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In what year were Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II married, and why was this marriage important for the literary tradition we're studying?
|
1152. The merging of their territories provided a conduit for Celtic/British stories to get to the continent
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What were the major transmission mechanisms of Arthurian material to the continent?
|
-Geoffrey
-The Matier de Bretange -Breri/Bleddri ap Kadifor, d. 1091 |
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List the texts studied in order of date (earliest to latest)
|
-2BMT (mythic history)
-Tain (7th-9th C text with 5th C characters and c. 400 BC culture) -Beowulf (c.1000 CE with 6th C. subjects) -Roland (12th C.) -Troubadours (11th-13th C.) -Tristan (c. 1170) -Romances (12th C. +) |
