Integument

Front 1

Integument

Back 1

Skin, outer covering of the body

Front 2

Integument Defense Function

Back 2

shield body from:

predation

infection

radiation

Front 3

Integument Regulation Function

Back 3

Regulate:

water and salt content

oxygen

thermoregulation

elimination of wastes

Front 4

Integument Secretions Function

Back 4

mucous

oils

milk

Front 5

Integument Locomotion Function

Back 5

claws

nails

scales

Front 6

Epidermis

Back 6

--outer layer of vertebrate integument

--ectodermally derived

Front 7

Dermis

Back 7

--underlies epidermis

--mesodermally derived

Front 8

3 Epidermis Layers

Back 8

--Stratum germinativum: innermost layer, provides (by mitosis) the more superficial layers

--Outer layers: may contain cells that produce mucous, poisons, photophores

--Stratum corneum: when present, an outer layer of dead cells; typically found in terrestrial vertebrates

Front 9

Dermis Components

Back 9

--connective tissue

--thicker than epidermis

--may have smooth muscle

--may be invaded by skin glands that originate in the epidermis

Front 10

7 functions of skin color

Back 10

--camouflage

--advertisement (warnings or aposematic)

--species recognition

--signal courtship

--establish territories

--protect from radiation

--thermoregulation (in lizards, darker receives heat quicker)

Front 11

Chromatophores

Back 11

pigment containing cells:

Location in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles: upper dermis

Location in birds and mammals: epidermis

Front 12

Melanophores

Back 12

--type of chromatophore

--contain melanin

Front 13

Melanosomes

Back 13

melanin-containing organelles

Front 14

Lipophores

Back 14

--Have lipid-soluble pigments:

xanthophores=yellow

erythrophores=red

Front 15

Iridocytes (guanophores)

Back 15

pigments that reflect and disperse light; cause iridescence

Front 16

Physiological (rapid) color change

Back 16

--migration of pigment is controlled by nerves and hormones.

--pigment can be dispersed, intermediate, or concentrated.

--can occur very quickly

Front 17

Red color

Back 17

can sometimes be caused by shallow distribution of blood vessels

Front 18

Amphioxus chromatophores

Back 18

--melanophores

--lipophores

Front 19

Fish chromatophores

Back 19

--melanophores

--lipophores

--guanophores

--photophores

Front 20

Frog skin

Back 20

--stratum corneum protects from abrasion and water loss

--gas exchange occurs in frog skin

Front 21

Reptile color

Back 21

LOTS of chromatophores

Front 22

Bird color

Back 22

--mostly contained in feathers

--skin generally has little color (gray/yellow)

Front 23

melanocytes

Back 23

a mature melanin-forming cell, typically in the skin

Front 24

mammal dermis

Back 24

thick and contains connective tissue, blood vessels, muscle fibers, glands

Front 25

Human skin color process--5 steps

Back 25

1. melanocytes are in the stratum germinativum

2. melanocytes make melanin from tyrosine

3. melanin is packaged into melanosomes

4. melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes

5. melanosomes are later destroyed by lysosomes

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freckles

Back 26

serviced by melancytes that make more-than-average melanin

Front 27

lentigos

Back 27

have abnormal melanoctyes (liver spots)

Front 28

glands

Back 28

cellular structures that produce one or more secretions which are discharged to the outside of the structure

Front 29

integumentary glands

Back 29

glandular structures that develop in the epidermis

Front 30

3 integumentary gland types

Back 30

1. merocrine: secrete products by exocytosis

2. holocrine: cell ruptures, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments

3. apocrine: superficial part of the cell disintegrates as the secretion is released

Front 31

exocrine gland

Back 31

drained by ducts

Front 32

endocrine gland

Back 32

empty secretions directly into the bloodstream

Front 33

amphioxus integumentary glands

Back 33

merocrine

Front 34

fish integumentary glands

Back 34

--mucous glands

--simple saccular

--photophores for phosphorescence

Front 35

amphibian integumentary glands

Back 35

--use skin for respiration

--mucous and simple saccular keep skin moist

--simple saccular poison glands

Front 36

reptile integumentary glands

Back 36

--almost totally lack integumentary glands

--some have scent glands active in breeding season

Front 37

bird integumentary glands

Back 37

uropygial/preen gland: simple saccular, at base of tail, for rubbing oil on feathers

Front 38

nipple vs teat

Back 38

nipple= milk duct leads directly to the surface (ex. primate)

teat= milk ducts lead to a common storage chamber (ex. cow)