Comparative Anatomy Lecture Exam 1

Front 1

Functional Morphology

Back 1

The study of relating structure to function

Front 2

Evolutionary Morphology

Back 2

The study of the evolutionary pathway of structural change

Front 3

Lamarck

Back 3

Formulated 'inheritance of acquired traits' as a mechanism for evolution

Front 4

Darwin & Wallace

Back 4

Formulated natural selection as a mechanism for evolution

Front 5

Scala Naturae

Back 5

-Shows the levels of 'being' for life

-Lamarck's ideas were based on this, everything strives toward perfection

Front 6

Malthus

Back 6

Wrote "An Essay on the Principle of Population, as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society"

-The idea from natural selection was borrowed from his writing

Front 7

Primitive/Derived

Back 7

Words for ancestral vs descendant

Front 8

Archetypes

Back 8

-A system of blueprints advocated by Richard Owen in opposition to evolutionary change.

-explained the similarities in structure among organisms.

Front 9

Cuvier

Back 9

-The father of comparative anatomy that established extinction as a real phenomenon

-His idea of an organism being a 'complex functional whole' was used as an argument against evolutionary change.

Front 10

Natural Selection Components

Back 10

-High Reproductive potential

-Competition for limited resources

-Survival of the few individuals that have characteristics that make them good competitors

Front 11

3 Levels of inquiry into evolution

Back 11

-The Fact of evolution which asks if populations of organisms change with time

-The Course of evolution which asks what pathway has evolution followed historically

-The Mechanism of evolution which asks about the process of evolutionary change

Front 12

Evolutionary constraints

Back 12

-Explain, in general, why we do not have flying elephants or burrowing birds.

Front 13

Functional/structural compromise

Back 13

-Settling between competing functions.

-The design of the mouth of most salamanders is one of these between breathing and eating.

Front 14

Mosaic Evolution

Back 14

-The more rapid evolution of some parts of the body in relation to all the others

Front 15

Convergent Evolution

Back 15

-Similarities in structure in evolutionarily divergent taxa due to ecological similarities

Front 16

Homologous

Back 16

Structures with a common evolutionary origin

Front 17

Analogous

Back 17

Structures with the same function but separate origins

Front 18

Homoplastic

Back 18

Structures that look alike

Front 19

Serial Homology

Back 19

A succession of repeated structures within the same organism (ex. successive vertebrae)

Front 20

Radial Symmetry

Back 20

Body symmetry arranged around a central axis so that multiple mid-body planes produce mirror image halves

Front 21

Bilateral Symmetry

Back 21

Body symmetry in which only a cut on the midsagittal plane produces mirror image halves

Front 22

Anterior

Back 22

-Body region

-(Cranial or superior in humans)

-opposite of posterior

Front 23

Posterior

Back 23

-Body region

-(Caudal or inferior in humans)

-opposite of anterior

Front 24

Dorsal

Back 24

-Body Region

-(back)

Front 25

Ventral

Back 25

-Body Region

-(stomach)

Front 26

Medial

Back 26

-Body Region

-(middle)

Front 27

Lateral

Back 27

-Body Region

-(side)

Front 28

Distal

Back 28

-Body Region

-(farthest)

-opposite of proximal

Front 29

Proximal

Back 29

-Body Region

-(closest)

-Opposite of distal

Front 30

Pectoral

Back 30

-Body Region

-(Shoulder)

Front 31

Pelvic

Back 31

-Body Region

-(hip)

Front 32

Frontal Plane

Back 32

The body plane that separates the dorsal from ventral

Front 33

Sagittal Plane

Back 33

The plane that separates from left and right

Front 34

Transverse Plane

Back 34

The plane (cross section) that separates the anterior from posterior

Front 35

Function

Back 35

-Refers to how a structure works in the organism

Front 36

Biological Role

Back 36

-Refers to how the structure works in the environment

Front 37

Ecomorphology

Back 37

The study of how a structure works in the environment

Front 38

Traditional (linnaean) Systematics

Back 38

-Emphasizes the distinctions among taxonomic categories and is based on grades which are levels of evolutionary development

Front 39

Grades

Back 39

-Levels of evolutionary development in traditional linnaean systematics

Front 40

Clades

Back 40

-Evolutionary lineages in phylogenetic systematics

Front 41

Phylogenetic Systematics

Back 41

Emphasizes the relationships among taxa and is based on clades (evolutionary lineages)

Front 42

Monophyletic Taxa

Back 42

-arise form a single evolutionary lineage

Front 43

Polyphyletic Taxa

Back 43

-arise from combining multiple evolutionary lineages with non-homologous adaptations into a single taxon

Front 44

Paraphyletic

Back 44

-taxa that do not include all of the descendants of an evolutionary lineage

Front 45

Plesiomorphy

Back 45

.

Front 46

Apomorphic

Back 46

.

Front 47

Synapomorphic

Back 47

.

Front 48

3 Domains of Tree of Life

Back 48

.

Front 49

4 Eukarya Kingdoms

Back 49

.

Front 50

Protists

Back 50

.

Front 51

Fungi

Back 51

.

Front 52

Plants

Back 52

.

Front 53

Animals

Back 53

.

Front 54

Animal clades are organized according to...

Back 54

.