Comparative Anatomy 4

Front 1

Three major digestive system regions:

Back 1

1. Buccal Cavity
2. Pharynx
3. Alimentary Canal

Front 2

Parts of the buccal cavity region of the digestive system.

Back 2

Mouth
Teeth
Oral Glands

Front 3

Parts of the pharynx region of the digestive system.

Back 3

Gills
Trachea

Front 4

2nd largest organ in humans;

Back 4

Liver

Front 5

Formed as a diverticulum of the esophagus and within the transverse septum.

Back 5

Liver

Front 6

The outermost layer of the alimentary canal and its two components.

Back 6

Serosa:

Adventitia & Mesentery

Front 7

Passageway which forms liver, lungs, pancreas and stomach.
Mucus-coated
Depending on an animals prey, often thickened and/or keratinized.

Back 7

Esophagus

Front 8

Expanded distal region of the esophagus which secretes gastric juice;
Consists of three parts.

Back 8

Stomach

Front 9

Folds of the stomach

Back 9

Rugae

Front 10

3 Regions of the stomach:

Back 10

1. Cardia
2. Fundus
3. Pylorus

Front 11

Stomach region which is found in mammals only;
Only the 1st cm or so in us;
Posses a gland which secretes mucus.

Back 11

Cardia

Front 12

Gland of the cardia region of the stomach that secretes mucus.

Back 12

Cardiac Gland

Front 13

The cardia of the stomach is largest in _________.

Back 13

Herbivores

Front 14

Rounded part of the upper stomach;
Contains two glands;

Back 14

Fundus

Front 15

2 cell types of the fundus:

Back 15

1. Parietal Cells
2. Chief Cells

Front 16

Cells of the stomach which secrete HCl to help break down food, kill bacteria and activate pepsinogen.

Back 16

Parietal Cells

Front 17

Cells of the stomach which secrete pepsinogen, which is activated by HCl.

Back 17

Chief Cells

Front 18

__________ is activated by HCl into _______, a proteolytic enzyme.

Back 18

Pepsinogen;
Pepsin

Front 19

Region of the stomach which contains glands that neutralize acids and ends at a sphinter.

Back 19

Pyloric

Front 20

Part of the digestive tract that contains microvilli which increase surface area.

Back 20

Intestine

Front 21

Projections of cells of the intestines that increase surface area.

Back 21

Microvilli

Front 22

Contains the duodenum, ileum, and jejunum.

Back 22

Small Intestine

Front 23

Part of the Small Intestine which neutralizes acid and contributes to proteolysis.

Back 23

Duodenum

Front 24

Parts of the Small Intestine involved in food and water absorption.

Back 24

Ileum & Jejunum

Front 25

Folds of the small intestine

Back 25

Villi

Front 26

The small intestine in carnivores is _______.

Back 26

short

Front 27

The small intestine in herbivores is ________.

Back 27

long

Front 28

Region of the digestive tract that lacks villi, compacts wastes, locations where vitamin production and absorption takes place and location where water uptake occurs.

Back 28

Large Intestine

Front 29

Specialization of the large intestine which increases surface area

Back 29

Spiral Valve

Front 30

Spiral Valves are present in...

Back 30

Lampreys
Chondrichthyes
Lungfishes
Sturgeons

Front 31

Specialization of the digestive tract which removes excess salts.
Present in chondrichthyes and coelacanths

Back 31

Rectal Gland

Front 32

The rectal gland is also caused the _________.

Back 32

digitiform gland

Front 33

Some teleosts which are vegetarian have a specialization of the digestive tract in which no ________ is present.

Back 33

stomach

Front 34

Digestive tract specialization in some carnivorous teleosts which enter into the duodenum and are involved in digestion & food absorption.

Back 34

Pyloric Caecae

Front 35

Digestive tract specialization in most reptiles and birds, which is a well muscularized stomach which grinds ingested rocks.

Back 35

Gizzard

Front 36

Digestive tract specialization which is a storage chamber.

Back 36

Crop

Front 37

Nutritive secretion in pigeons and doves contained in the crop.

Back 37

Crop Milk

Front 38

Digestive tract specialization which is a glandular stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the gizzard.

Back 38

Proventriculus

Front 39

Digestive tract specialization which assists in the breakdown of ingested grass.

Back 39

Fermenters

Front 40

Digestive tract specialization which is a fermenter in the stomach and/or esophagus.

Back 40

Foregut Fermenters

Front 41

Digestive tract specialization which is a fermenter of the cecum.

Back 41

Hindgut Fermenter

Front 42

Pits in the stomach for fermentation found in red kangaroos, camels, and hoatzin birds.

Back 42

Foregut Fermenters

Front 43

Type of stomach found in artiodactyls (cows, deer, etc.)

Back 43

Ruminant Stomach

Front 44

A ruminant stomach possesses ___ chambers.

Back 44

4

Front 45

4 chambers of the ruminant stomach:

Back 45

1. Rumen
2. Reticulum
3. Omasum
4. Abomasum

Front 46

_________ fermenters possess a Ruminant Stomach.

Back 46

Foregut

Front 47

_________ fermenters use the cecum.

Back 47

Hindgut

Front 48

Digestive organ originally with two parts, a dorsal and ventral part, which later fuse in tetrapods.

Back 48

Pancreas

Front 49

The pancreas is partially _________ in humans.

Back 49

retroperitoneal

Front 50

Mostly trypsin, proteolytic enzymes

Back 50

Pancreatic Juice

Front 51

Regions of the pancreas which secretes insulin and glucagon

Back 51

Islets of Langerhans

Front 52

Part of the buccal cavity which secrete water or mucus into food.
These are salivary.
Moisten food
Neutralize prey toxin

Back 52

Oral Glands

Front 53

_______ and __________ lack oral glands.

Back 53

Fish;
Other aquatic animals

Front 54

Salivary gland in reptiles located along the posterior lip with a duct adjacent to posterior maxillary teeth.

Back 54

Duvernoy's gland

Front 55

The outside of a tooth

Back 55

Enamel

Front 56

The inside of a tooth

Back 56

Dentin

Front 57

Part of a tooth which is a neural crest derivative.

Back 57

Dentin

Front 58

The gumline of a tooth

Back 58

gingiva

Front 59

region of tooth above the gingiva

Back 59

crown

Front 60

region of tooth below the gingiva

Back 60

base

Front 61

hollow interior of a tooth

Back 61

Pulp Cavity

Front 62

Mucous connective tissue of a tooth.
Supports blood vessels and nerves.

Back 62

Pulp

Front 63

Narrowing of pulp cavity in the root.

Back 63

Root Canal

Front 64

Hole at the end of a root canal.

Back 64

Apical Foramen

Front 65

Hardest surface produced by vertebrates

Back 65

Enamel

Front 66

Bonelike substance which is the bulk of a tooth.
Grows daily, but very slowly

Back 66

Dentin

Front 67

Attaches a tooth to the socket;
Grows seasonally based on condition

Back 67

Cementum

Front 68

Connective tissues with aids cementum in attaching a tooth to a socket.

Back 68

Periodontal Ligament

Front 69

All teeth are similar

Back 69

Homodont

Front 70

Most gnathosomes are ________ in regards to teeth.

Back 70

homodonts

Front 71

Teeth different in appearance in mouth

Back 71

Heterodont

Front 72

Most mammals and a few fishes are ________ in regards to teeth.

Back 72

Heterodont

Front 73

Heterodont teeth used for clipping

Back 73

Incisors

Front 74

Heterodont teeth used for piercing

Back 74

Canines

Front 75

Heterodont teeth used for grinding or slicing

Back 75

Premolars, Molars

Front 76

Teeth which are continuously replaced

Back 76

Polyphyodont

Front 77

Possess two sets of teeth;
i.e. Mammals

Back 77

Diphyodont

Front 78

baby or milk teeth which are lost around 5-9 years of age in humans.

Back 78

Deciduous Dentition

Front 79

Deciduous Dentition contain all teeth but the _______.

Back 79

molars

Front 80

Adult teeth which includes the molars;
Second set

Back 80

Permanent Dentition

Front 81

Teeth which are set with a socket;
i.e. mammals, crocs, dinosaurs

Back 81

Thecodont

Front 82

Teeth which are set in shallow sockets;
i.e. fishes

Back 82

Acrodont

Front 83

Teeth which are connected on the mesial side of the jaw;
i.e. lizards

Back 83

Pleurodont

Front 84

Mammals with teeth that have low crowns and includes omnivores and carnivores.
i.e. humans, pigs, etc.

Back 84

Brachydont

Front 85

Mammals with teeth that have high crowns and are used in grinding plants.

Back 85

Hypsodont

Front 86

Mammals with teeth that have rounded cusps

Back 86

Bunodont

Front 87

Mammals with teeth that have cusps drawn into ridges

Back 87

Lophodont

Front 88

Mammals with teeth that have crescent shaped cusps

Back 88

Selenodont

Front 89

Mammals have _______ teeth, in which ridges of opposing teeth slice by one another to cut tissue.

Back 89

Sectorial

Front 90

Compose the Uriniferous Tubule of the kidney:

Back 90

Rental Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule

Front 91

Compose the nephron of the kidney

Back 91

Uriniferous Tubule
Collecting Duct

Front 92

Early embryological structure of the kidney, which is segmented.

Back 92

Nephrotome

Front 93

Successive nephrotomes combine to form the ________ ________.

Back 93

nephric duct

Front 94

Tubules added in the posterior kidney of adults in most fishes & amphibians.

Back 94

Opisthonephros

Front 95

At five weeks in a human, the ureteric diverticulum at the base of the mesonephric duct.

Back 95

Metanephros

Front 96

_______ cannot change the relative concentration of salts in blood, and are therefore osmoconformers.

Back 96

Hagfish

Front 97

gland which excretes excess salts

Back 97

Rectal gland

Front 98

A body which is less salty than water.

Back 98

hypoosmotic

Front 99

Mammals and some birds, make _______, which is less toxic than ammonia.

Back 99

urea

Front 100

Most birds and reptiles, make _________ which is less toxic than urea.

Back 100

uric acid

Front 101

What will become the female internal reproductive system.

Back 101

Mullerian Duct

Front 102

a.k.a The Archinephric Duct

Back 102

Wolffian Duct

Front 103

_________ stimulates the development of the Wolffian Duct.

Back 103

Testosterone

Front 104

Testes produce ______________, which inhibits Mullerian Duct development.

Back 104

Anti-Mullerian Hormone

Front 105

In males, two tubes of unknown function which are remnants of the Mullerian Duct

Back 105

Prostatic Utricle
Appendix Testes

Front 106

In females, remnants of the Wolffian Duct.

Back 106

Epoophoron
Paroophoron
Gartner's Duct

Front 107

Part of the female reproductive system which produces eggs.

Back 107

Ovary

Front 108

Part of the female reproductive system which delivers eggs to the oviduct.

Back 108

Ostium

Front 109

Part of the female reproductive system which holds eggs prior to laying.

Back 109

Uterus

Front 110

Part of the female reproductive system which is an expanded portion of the oviduct.

Back 110

Uterus

Front 111

Part of the female reproductive system which adds more yolk or shell.

Back 111

Shell Gland

Front 112

In higher craniates, the archinephric duct becomes the __________.

Back 112

vas deferens

Front 113

Outpocketing of the coelom which the testes often descend into.

Back 113

Scrotum

Front 114

External fertilizer organs.

Back 114

Intromittent Organs

Front 115

Pumps sperm down grooves in the pelvic fin.

Back 115

Siphon

Front 116

penis bone, present in most mammals.

Back 116

baculum

Front 117

female homolog of the penis bone.

Back 117

baubellum

Front 118

Cell body and projections with axons and dendrites.

Back 118

Nerves

Front 119

Nerves with one projection

Back 119

Unipolar

Front 120

Nerves with two projections

Back 120

Bipolar

Front 121

Nerves with many projections

Back 121

Multipolar

Front 122

During transmission, at _________ electricity stimulates neurotransmitter production.

Back 122

dendrites

Front 123

NS consisting of the brain and the spinal cord.

Back 123

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front 124

NS consisting of everything but the brain & spinal cord.

Back 124

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 125

Cranial nerve 0

Back 125

nervus terminalis

Front 126

cranial nerve which goes from the somitomeres to the mandibular arch.

Back 126

Trigeminal Nerve

Front 127

cranial nerve which goes from the somitomeres to the hyoid arch.

Back 127

Facial Nerve

Front 128

cranial nerve which goes from the somitomeres to the 3rd gill arch.

Back 128

Glossopharyngeal

Front 129

cranial nerves which goes from the somitomeres to the gill arches beyond the third.

Back 129

Vagus & Spinal Accessory nerves

Front 130

Cranial nerves which evolved separately to supply respected organs.

Back 130

Olfactory (I)
Optic (II)
Auditory (VIII)

Front 131

Blood without cells or other formed elements that is very viscous, is absorbed in venous sinuses and is present for protection.

Back 131

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Front 132

Meninges of fishes which is thin.

Back 132

Primitive Meninx

Front 133

Meninges of tetrapods.

Back 133

Dura mater and Secondary Meninx

Front 134

Meninges of all non-mammalian tetrapods which is thin.

Back 134

Dura mater and Secondary Meninx

Front 135

The secondary meninx splits into these two meninges in mammals.

Back 135

Pia Mater
Arachnoid

Front 136

Cerebrospinal fluid flows in __________ & __________ spaces.

Back 136

Subdural;
Subarachnoid

Front 137

The hindbrain includes these parts of the brain:

Back 137

Medualla Oblongata
Pon
Cerebellum

Front 138

The Midbrain includes these parts of the brain:

Back 138

tectum
tegmentum

Front 139

The Brainstem includes these parts of the brain:

Back 139

Hindbrain (medulla oblongta, pons, cerebellum)
Midbrain (tectum, tegmentum)

Front 140

The Forebrain includes these parts of the brain:

Back 140

Cerebrum
Thalamuses

Front 141

The medulla oblongata is the center for:

Back 141

Visceral Reflexes
Auditory Reflexes
Proprioceptive Reflexes
Control of Unconscious

Front 142

Cerebellum Functions:

Back 142

Modifying & Monitoring motor output
Fine motor control
swimming

Front 143

Midbrain Functions:

Back 143

Visual & Auditory reflexes
Tegmentum initiates motor output

Front 144

Components of the tectum of the midbrain:

Back 144

inferior & superior colliculi

Front 145

4 regions of the diencephalon

Back 145

1. epithalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. ventral thalamus
4. dorsal thalamus

Front 146

Region of the diencephalon which is on the roof and regulates biorhythms.

Back 146

Epithalamus

Front 147

Components of the epithalamus of the diencephalon.

Back 147

Pineal Body
Habenula

Front 148

Floor region of the diencephalon;
Regulates homeostasis;

Back 148

Hypothalamus

Front 149

Largest region of the diencephalon which is the coordinating center for all sensory input except olfaction;
Relays info to the cerebrum;

Back 149

Dorsal Thalamus

Front 150

Region of the diencephalon which regulates movements produced by skeletal muscles.

Back 150

Ventral Thalamus

Front 151

Part of the brain which receives olfactory information and sensory information from the tectum.

Back 151

Cerebrum

Front 152

complex folds of the cerebral cortes in many mammals.

Back 152

Gyri & Sulci

Front 153

The chemical or electrical changes induced by a stimulus.

Back 153

Sensation

Front 154

What yo do with a sensation

Back 154

Perception

Front 155

Involved in smell & taste;
Respond to salts of glutamic acid;

Back 155

Chemoreceptors

Front 156

A taste enhancer

Back 156

Monosodium Glutamate

Front 157

Organ only in tetrapods, which is linked to smell

Back 157

Vomeronasal Organ

Front 158

Radiation receptor which concentrates light on photoreceptive tissue.

Back 158

Eye

Front 159

Component of the eye in all vertebrates which detects black and white

Back 159

Rods

Front 160

Component of the eye in some fishes, amphibians and reptiles & all birds and higher primates which detects color.

Back 160

Cones

Front 161

Component of the eye for focusing & protection.

Back 161

Cornea

Front 162

Part of the eye for focusing

Back 162

Lens

Front 163

Part of the eye for sensation.

Back 163

Retina

Front 164

Part of the eye which is just a hole

Back 164

Pupil

Front 165

Act of altering lens in some way to focus light

Back 165

Accommodation

Front 166

Hair or hairlike projections which pick up vibrations;
Present in almost all fishes, larval amphibians, aquatic amphibians

Back 166

Mechanoreceptors

Front 167

A tube with neuromasts with hair cell inside;
Related to hearing and may pick up some sound waves;

Back 167

Lateral Line Sense

Front 168

Mammals add the _______ for directional hearing.

Back 168

pinnae