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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is included in the vertebral column?
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notochord and vertebrae (cartilage or bone)
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What are the regions of the vertebral column?
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cervical
thoracic lumbar sacral caudal |
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In fish, what are the only regions?
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trunk
caudal |
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What are the functions of the vertebral column?
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protects spinal cord, dorsal aorta, muscle attachment, and suspension support
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What formed the "backbone" of primitive vertebrates?
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notochord
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What replaces notochord?
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growth of sclerotome portion of somites
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Where do sclerotome cells grow?
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down from somite around notochord
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What are the first arches to protet nerve cord and dorsal aorta?
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neural
hemal |
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What is it called when arches sit on top of notochord?
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aspondyly condition
(no centra) |
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What elements did the centrum evolve as?
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intercentrum
pleurocentrum |
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What forms intervertebral disc in amniotes?
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intercentrum
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What forms centrum in amniotes?
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pleurocentrum
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What can arches and centrum do?
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remain separate
fuse together |
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What is aspidospondyly?
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when arches and central remain separate
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What is holospondyly?
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when arches and centra fuse together
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What are the 4 functions of transverse processes on the vertebrae?
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muscle attachment
rib articulation prevent torsion |
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What hold centra together?
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intervertebral ligaments
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What is the intervertebral disc made of in mammals?
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fibrocartilage and central nucleus pulposus
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What is the purpose of the central nucleur pulposus?
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shock absorber
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What is the disc made of in non-mammals?
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cartilage only
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What permits greater flexure in central surfaces?
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curvature
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Where do bird and turtle necks have greatest flexibility?
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heterocoelous centra
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What do many animals use to minimize movement?
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acoelous centra
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What are the first 2 cervical vertebrae?
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atlas and axis
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What is the purpose of the atlas and axis?
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permit an unusually great degree of freedom for skull
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What fin type is in sharks and produces lifts?
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heterocercal
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What type of fin is in a sarcopterygian?
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diphycercal
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What type of fin is in an actinopterygians?
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homocercal
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What are the 2 purposes of ribs?
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protects viscera
helps breathing |
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How many ribs to fish have?
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two pairs attached to each vertebrae
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How many pairs of ribs to tetrapods have?
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1 pair
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Who sometimes have two-headed ribs?
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amniotes
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What ribs span the vertebrae and sternum?
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true ribs
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What ribs do not reach the sternum?
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false ribs
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What ribs are attached only to vertebrae?
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floating ribs
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What is included in the rib cage?
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sternum
ribs |
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What is the purpose of the sternum?
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helps secure ribs
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What is absent in fish?
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sternum
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What is the attachment point for flight muscles in birds?
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keel
carina |
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What are small irregular bones on the sternum?
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sternebrae
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What are the most anterior/largest bones on sternum in mammals?
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manubrium
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What is the most posterior point that remains as cartilage on the sternum?
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xiphoid
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What is strengthened on fins by dermal fin rays?
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membrane
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What is the function of the girdle?
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muscle attachment
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Where is the coracoid bar?
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pectoral girdle
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Where is the ischiopubic bar located?
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pelvic
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What are the surfaces on the girdle for fin articulation?
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glenoid fossa (pectoral)
acetabulum (pelvic) |
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What strengthen fins in pterygiophores?
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basals
radials |
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What are keratin rods in chondrichthyes?
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ceratotrichia
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What are bony rods in osteichthyes?
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lepidotrichia
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What are the 2 function of paired fins?
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stabilize body orientation
propulsion or lift |
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What do pectoral fins act as in sharks?
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hydrofoils
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Who have thinner and more flexible fins?
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actinopterygians
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What do the thin and flexible fins in actinopterygians permit?
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small and precise movements
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Who proposed the Fin-Fold Theory?
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Balfour
Thacher |
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Who have lateral folds along length of body?
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early fish
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Who increase stability?
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pterygiophores
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Who fuse in midline to give girdles?
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pterygiophores
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Who are the first fish with obvious pectoral and pelvic fins?
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placoderms
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Who had substantial paired fins?
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crossopterygians
rhipidistians (lobe-finned fish) |
