Comparative Anatomy 2

Front 1

One of the first sciences to help understand evolution.

Back 1

Development

Front 2

Haeckel's Biogenetic Law:

Draws upon the notion that we can often determine evolutionary relationships by looking at larvae.

Back 2

Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny

Front 3

Term used to describe the notion that almost all of development is a result of interactions of proteins above the gene, and not due to a specific gene (i.e. a hand gene)

Back 3

Epigenetics

Front 4

Genes which determine which parts of the body form what body parts.

Back 4

Homeotic Genes

Front 5

Cluster on a Homeotic Gene which is around 180 bp.
Responsible for directing development.

Back 5

Homeobox

Front 6

Homeotic genes are clustered on chromosomes in this order.

This order is __________ to _________.

Back 6

The order of when they need to be turned on.

Anterior; Ventral

Front 7

A group of cells able to respond to discrete, localized biochemical signals leading to the development of specific morphological structures or organs.

Back 7

Morphogenic Field

Front 8

Process where one structure causes or affects the development of another.

Back 8

Induction

Front 9

The neural tube induces _________ to form ________.

Back 9

sclerotomes;
vertebrae

Front 10

Process where two or more structures affect the development of others.

Back 10

Reciprocal Induction

Front 11

Theory that you can potentially develop isolating mechanisms in one generation.
Holds that transmutation of species is not always gradual, but that there may come sudden & marked variations.

Back 11

Saltatory Evolution

Front 12

Idea in which the fossil record suggests that there are brief periods of relatively rapid evolution followed by lulls.

Back 12

Punctuated Equilibrium

Front 13

Three bones of the bird leg

Back 13

Tibia, Fibula, Tarsometatarsus

Front 14

Evolution of lost characteristics;
Relatively more simple than the development of new characteristics.

Back 14

Reversals

Front 15

Color vision in snake eyes is via _____.

Back 15

rods

Front 16

Change is more likely _____ in development.

Back 16

later

Front 17

Often a result of slippage in ontogeny, in which adults are present with juvenile characteristics.

Back 17

Paedomorphosis

Front 18

An example of a slippage in ontogeny in which a structure continues its development beyond the ordinary time of cessation when the animal matures.

Back 18

Hypermmorphosis

Front 19

Type or Paedomorphosis in which sexual maturity is accelerated relative to somatic development.

"Adult Larvae" which never reach the adult form experienced by their evolutionary ancestors.

Back 19

Progenesis

Front 20

Type of Paedomorphosis in which somatic development slows and is overtaken by normal sexual maturity.

Back 20

Neoteny

Front 21

Two types of progenic fish

Back 21

Priocharax

Amazonsprattus

Front 22

A type of neotenic salamander

Back 22

Necturus

Front 23

Phase of gastrulation of splitting into cells.

Back 23

Cleavage

Front 24

Type of cleavage in which the entire ovum is divided into cells.

Back 24

Holoblastic

Front 25

Type of cleavage which is partial cleavage.

Back 25

Meroblastic

Front 26

Type of cleavage which is extreme meroblasty.

Back 26

Discoidal

Front 27

Embryo which contains a small amount of yolk.

Back 27

Microlecithal

Front 28

In regards to yolk,mammals are _________.

Back 28

Microlecithal

Front 29

Embryos which are microlecithal, generally go trough this type of cleavage.

Back 29

Holoblastic

Front 30

Embryo which contains a medium amount of yolk.

Back 30

Mesolecithal

Front 31

Amphibians and most fishes are these types of embryos, in regards to yolk.

Back 31

Mesolecithal

Front 32

Embryos which are mesolecithal typically undergo this type of cleavage.

Back 32

Meroblastic

Front 33

In regards to yolk, embryos which posses large amounts.

Back 33

Megalecithal

Front 34

Reptiles and Birds typically have these types of embryos, in regards to yolk.

Back 34

Megalecithal

Front 35

Embryos which are megalecithal typically undergo this type of cleavage.

Back 35

Discoidal

Front 36

Hollow ball of cells.

Back 36

Blastula

Front 37

Opening which forms in an embryo during gastrulation.

Back 37

Blastopore

Front 38

In craniates, the blastopore becomes the _____.

Back 38

anus

Front 39

The invagination which forms during gastrulation becomes the _______.

Back 39

gut tube

Front 40

Organisms in which the blastopore becomes the mouth.

Back 40

Protosome

Front 41

Organisms in which the blastopore becomes the anus.

Back 41

Deuterostome

Front 42

In regards to a triploblastic embryo, the outside layer.

Back 42

Ectoderm

Front 43

In regards to a triploblastic embryo, the inside layer which surrounds the gastrocoel.

Back 43

Endoderm

Front 44

In regards to a triploblastic embryo, the middle layer

Back 44

Mesoderm

Front 45

In regards to embryo differentiation, the neural plate will form the _______.

Back 45

Neural Tube

Front 46

Phase of development in which the neural plate folds and the neural crest begins formation.

Back 46

Neuralation

Front 47

The lateral plate of mesoderm that develops into the walls of the body cavities.

Back 47

Hypomere

Front 48

Two parts of the hypomere:

Back 48

1. Somatic
2. Splanchnic

Front 49

In regards to the splitting of the mesoderm, this forms the dermis of the skin.

Back 49

Dermatome

Front 50

In regards to the splitting of the mesoderm, this forms muscle

Back 50

Myotome

Front 51

In regards to the splitting of the mesoderm, this forms the vertebrae

Back 51

Sclerotome

Front 52

Formed from the somatic hypomere:

Back 52

Limbs, Peritoneum, Gonads

Front 53

Formed from the splanchnic hypomere:

Back 53

Heart, Blood Vessels, Mesenteries

Front 54

Formed from the ectoderm:

Back 54

Epidermis, Nerves & Brain

Front 55

Synapomorphy for craniates which forms from the neural tube, breaks off and migrates as a type of stem cell.

Back 55

Neural Crest

Front 56

_________ more likely in children of mothers that had poor nutrition.

Back 56

Obesity

Front 57

Phenomenon in girls which may be as a result of an increase in food availability and hormones in food.

Back 57

Early onset of puberty

Front 58

Nerual Crest cells form:

Back 58

Ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves
Most pigments cells except those of eye and spinal cord.
Most cartilage of lower jaw.

Front 59

Component of the integument which is the ectodermal portion.

Back 59

Epidermis

Front 60

Component of the integument which is the the mesodermal portion

Back 60

Dermis

Front 61

Component of the integument which is below the dermis,
It is mesodermal with fatty deposits.
Lowermost layer

Back 61

Hypodermis

Front 62

Present in large quantities in the dermis of aquatic animals.
Holds shape, keeps the skin taut and allows for the retention of energy during swimming.

Back 62

Collagen and Elastin

Front 63

The bones of the skull and fish scales are this type of bone.

Back 63

Dermal Bone

Front 64

Dermal bone forms from ______________ ossification.

Back 64

Intramembranous

Front 65

In ________ animals, collage in not as organized

Back 65

terrestrial

Front 66

Layer of the integument which contains pores and glands to moisten the skin.

Back 66

Epidermis

Front 67

Mucus glands allow for:

Back 67

1. Laminar Flow
2. Antibacterial
3. Keep skin from drying

Front 68

Fibrous, structural proteins which largely constitutes the stratum corneum of the epidermis.

Back 68

Keratin

Front 69

Outermost layer of the epidermis which is largely composed of keratin.

Back 69

Stratum Corneum

Front 70

Present mostly in terrestrial craniates, and is thickest in contact areas (fingers, sole of foot)

Back 70

Stratum Corneum

Front 71

Present in the folds that form tetrapod scales, i.e. those is reptiles and the legs of a bird.

Back 71

Epidermis (Keratin) (Stratum Corneum)

Front 72

Reptile/Bird scales are ______.
Fish scales are ______.

Back 72

Epidermal
Dermal

Front 73

Characteristic component of the fish integument.

Back 73

Unicellular Mucus Glands

Front 74

Types of Unicellular Mucus Glands of the fish integument.

Back 74

1. Club Cells
2. Granular Cells
3. Goblet Cels

Front 75

Unicellular Mucus Glands of the fish integument which secrete distasteful chemicals, toxins or alarm substances.

Back 75

Sacciform Cells

Front 76

Alarm substance which is released by sacciform cells in some fishes;
Released by a sender, reacting to a hazard to warn other animals.

Back 76

Schreckstoff

Front 77

Component of the fish integument which is mostly dermal in origin.

Back 77

Scales

Front 78

Two type of fish scales:

Back 78

1. Bony
2. Placoid

Front 79

Types of bony fish scales:

Back 79

1. Cosmoid
2. Ganoid
3. Cycloid
4. Ctenoid

Front 80

The most primitive scale type

Back 80

Cosmoid

Front 81

Type of scale with Ganoin, Cosmine, Vascular bone and an inner layer of lamellar bone.

Back 81

Cosmoid

Front 82

A unique type of Enamel present in many scales.

Back 82

Ganoin

Front 83

A unique type of Dentin present in many scales.

Back 83

Cosmine

Front 84

Scale type present in some Sarcopterygii and extinct lungfishes.

Back 84

Cosmoid

Front 85

Type of fish scale a layer of ganoin, vascular bone and lamellar bone.

Back 85

Ganoid

Front 86

Type of scale present in gars and bichirs

Back 86

Ganoid

Front 87

Type of fish scale composed entirely of lamellar bone with a smooth outer edge.

Back 87

Cycloid

Front 88

Type of fish scale composed entirely of lamellar bone with a toothed outer edge.

Back 88

Ctenoid

Front 89

Types of scales present in extant lungfishes, coelacanths, bowfin and early teleosts.

Back 89

Cycloid

Front 90

Toothlike structures of ctenoid scales which decrease the adhesion of water to the fish.

Back 90

Cteni

Front 91

In regards to fish scales, these are put down yearly and indicated the age of a fish.

Back 91

Annuli

Front 92

Scales which have the same morphology as a tooth;
Found in cartilaginous fishes;

Back 92

Placoid Scales

Front 93

In regards to scale origins, _____ cam first, while ______ came later.

Back 93

scales;
teeth

Front 94

Integumentary Teeth which provide evidence for the theory that scales came before teeth.

Back 94

Odontodes

Front 95

Many fishes have _______ instead of scales.

Back 95

Bony Plates

Front 96

Two types of scaleless fishes

Back 96

Lampreys
Hagfishes

Front 97

Type of scaleless fishes, which do have spines though.

Back 97

Chimaeras

Front 98

These utilize the skin as a respiratory organ.

Back 98

Amphibians

Front 99

Amphibians which posses dermal scales whose origins are unclear.

Back 99

Caecilians

Front 100

Glands of amphibian skin often secrete _________ and/or ________.

Back 100

mucus;
poison

Front 101

Ontogenetic change which is observed in amphibians in regards to mucus glands.

Back 101

Unicellular to Multicellular

Front 102

Reptiles have ________ scales, in that they are largely composed of Keratin.

Back 102

Epidermal

Front 103

In reptiles, _____ bones are present everywhere other than in the head.

Back 103

Dermal

Front 104

Dermal bones in reptiles which are ventral ribs.

Back 104

Gastralia

Front 105

Dermal bones in reptiles which are bony deposits.
Form some plates in turtles, eyelid bones of crocs, small bones in flesh of crocs.

Back 105

Osteoderms

Front 106

Scent glands in male iguanas

Back 106

Femoral Pores

Front 107

Types of bird feathers:

Back 107

Flight
Down
Contour
Filoplume
Rictal Bristles

Front 108

The most obvious feature of the bird integument

Back 108

Feathers

Front 109

The large majority of the feathers you see on a bird are ______ feathers.

Back 109

Contour

Front 110

Central shaft of a bird feather, which is offset to one side to all for _________.

Back 110

Rachis;

Asymmetry

Front 111

The _________ stroke of a bird feather allows for the formation of a solid structure.

Back 111

downward

Front 112

The _________ stroke of a bird feather lets air through.

Back 112

upward

Front 113

Birds have ______ scales on their feet and legs.

Back 113

epidermal

Front 114

Gland of birds which allows for waterproof feathers.

Back 114

Uropygial Gland

Front 115

Gland of mammals which is usually associated with hair to make it waterproof.

Back 115

Sebaceous Glands

Front 116

Sebaceous glands secrete _______.

Back 116

Sebum

Front 117

Two types of modified glands in mammals:

Back 117

1. Wax Glands of Ear
2. Meibomian Glands of eyelid

Front 118

Glands of mammals which secrete a thin fluid and are involved in thermoregulation.
These are active from birth

Back 118

Eccrine Glands

Front 119

Glands of mammals which secrete a viscous fluid and are associated with hair.
These are active upon onset of puberty and are responsible for BO.

Back 119

Apocrine Glands

Front 120

These are present in most amniotes and are composed of keratin.

Back 120

Claws

Front 121

Present in ungulates;
Posses increased keratin and are basically just a much larger claw.

Back 121

Hooves

Front 122

Present in primates;
Flattened claws with much less keratin.

Back 122

Nails

Front 123

Present in bovidae in both males and females;
These are permanent and unbranched.
Composed of living bone covered by skin and keratin.

Back 123

Horns

Front 124

Only type of branched horn

Back 124

Pronghorn

Front 125

Present in cervidae;
Usually only in males;
These are shed and grown yearly;
These are branched;
These are nourished by velvet until mature and are then just dead bone.

Back 125

Antlers

Front 126

______________ horns are matted, keratin fibers.

Back 126

Rhinoceros

Front 127

__________ horns are just bony knobs.

Back 127

Giraffe

Front 128

Keratinzed knobs of some fishes which are often used to hold onto females or in battle.

Back 128

Tubercles

Front 129

Pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells;
Pockets of pigment;

Back 129

Chromatophores

Front 130

Type of Chromatophores which give off a brown hue.

Back 130

Melanophores

Front 131

Melanophores contain _________.

Back 131

Melanosomes (Melanin)

Front 132

Type of Chromatophores which appear reflective.

Back 132

Iridiophores

Front 133

Iridiophores contain ________.

Back 133

Guanine

Front 134

Type of Chromatophores which give off a red hue.

Back 134

Erythrophores

Front 135

Type of Chromatophores which give off a yellow hue.

Back 135

Xanthophores

Front 136

In regards to induction of the integument, the ___________ determines what will be produced.

Back 136

Epidermis

Front 137

In regards to induction of the integument, the ________ induces the ________ to produce its normal product.

Back 137

Dermis;
Epidermis

Front 138

The gene associated with pigment inheritance.

Back 138

Kit Ligand (Kitlg)

Front 139

Functions of the Kit Ligand (Kitlg):

Back 139

Germ & Pigment cell development and hematopoiesis

Front 140

Unique craniate characteristics which: Provide muscle attachment sites
Protect nerves, brain and blood vessel
Protect the body (armor)

Back 140

Cartilage and Bone

Front 141

Firm, flexible material composed of chondroitin sulfate & collagen

Back 141

Cartilage

Front 142

Two structural components of cartilage:

Back 142

1. Chondroitin Sulfate
2. Collagen

Front 143

cartilage cell

Back 143

chondrocyte

Front 144

Small spaces which contain chondrocytes

Back 144

Lacunae

Front 145

Type of cartilage which has a glassy appearance.
Present mostly in association with long bones and is largely replaced by bone in an adult.

Back 145

Hyaline Cartilage

Front 146

Type of cartilage which is reinforced liberally with collagen.

Back 146

Fibrocartilage

Front 147

Type of cartilage which contains extra elastic fibers and is found in places such as the epiglottis & the ear.

Back 147

Elastic Cartilage

Front 148

Locations where Fibrocartilage is found:

Back 148

Intervertebral Disks
Pubic Symphysis
Knee

Front 149

Locations where Elastic Cartilage is found:

Back 149

Epiglottis
Ear

Front 150

In regards to cartilage structure, the outer connective tissue layer which is supplied with blood vessels.

Back 150

Perichondrium

Front 151

In regards to cartilage structure, the area where food diffuses in and waste out.

Back 151

Inner Matrix

Front 152

The structure of bone consists of ___________ and other mineral salts in regular order in the matrix.

Back 152

Calcium Phosphate

Front 153

The fundamental functional unit of much of bone;
Contains Haversion & Volkmann's canals, concentric rings of CaPO43- and

Back 153

Osteon (Haversion System)

Front 154

Component of an osteon through which blood vessels, lymph and nerves travel through.

Back 154

Haversian Canal

Front 155

In regards to an osteon, calcium phosphate is arranged into ___________ rings and __________.

Back 155

Concentric;
Lamellae

Front 156

Component of osteons which run perpendicular to haversian canals and connect blood vessels across separate osteons.

Back 156

Volkmann's Canals

Front 157

Produce new bone

Back 157

Osteoblasts

Front 158

Remove existing bone

Back 158

Osteoclasts

Front 159

Hard, but spongy-looking bone which is typically inside long bones;

Back 159

Spongy bone

Front 160

Hard bone; most bones

Back 160

Compact bone

Front 161

Bone on the outside

Back 161

Cortical

Front 162

Bone on the inside

Back 162

Medullary

Front 163

The pathway of formation of endochondral bone:

Back 163

Mesenchyme -> Cartilage -> Bone

Front 164

The pathway of formation of Intramembranous bone:

Back 164

Mesenchyme -> Bone

Front 165

Type of bone in which there is no cartilaginous precursor

Back 165

Intramembranous

Front 166

Type of bone in which a cartilaginous precursor is present

Back 166

Endochondral

Front 167

Typically the long bones, vertebrae and some skull bones.

Back 167

Endochondral Bone

Front 168

The shaft of endochondral bone

Back 168

Shaft

Front 169

The tips of endochondral bone

Back 169

Epiphysis

Front 170

Region of endochondral bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis

Back 170

Metaphysis

Front 171

First step of endochondral bone development in which __________ forms cartilage model with _________.

Back 171

cartilage;
perichondrium

Front 172

In regards to endochondral bone development, this forms when cells on inner surface of the perichondrium become _________.

Back 172

Periosteal Collar

Osteoblasts

Front 173

During endochondral bone development, _________ salts are deposited in the cartilage of the core of the diaphysis and seal off the ___________ which eventually die.

Back 173

Calcium;
Chondrocytes

Front 174

During endochondral bone development, this is formed when the vascular system invades the calcified cartilage.

Back 174

Marrow Cavity

Front 175

During endochondral bone development, this is formed when osteoblasts form in the core of the bone.

Back 175

Primary Center of Ossification

Front 176

During endochondral bone development, the centers of ossification move towards the _________.

Back 176

epiphyses

Front 177

Growth plate in endochondral bone;
Present in the metaphysis at each end of a bone.

Back 177

Epiphyseal Plate

Front 178

Zone of an Epiphyseal Plate where new bone is forming.

Back 178

Zone of Ossification

Front 179

Zone of an Epiphyseal Plate where cartilage is calcifying

Back 179

Zone of Calcification

Front 180

Zone of an Epiphyseal Plate where cartilage is elongating

Back 180

Zone of Hypertrophy

Front 181

Zone of an Epiphyseal Plate where cartilage cells are being produced

Back 181

Zone of Proliferation

Front 182

Zone of an Epiphyseal Plate which contains normal cartilage.

Back 182

Zone of Hyaline Cartilage

Front 183

In regards to endochondral bone development, when the epiphyseal plate reaches the _________, growht stops.

Back 183

epiphysis

Front 184

Mammals have a __________ at the epiphysis.

Back 184

Secondary Center of Ossification

Front 185

Mammals and birds have this type of growth, which stops at maturity.

Back 185

Determinate Growth

Front 186

Type of growth which slows, but never stops

Back 186

Indeterminate Growth

Front 187

Intramembranous bone type formed in dermis,
The main type of intramembranous bone

Back 187

Dermal

Front 188

Type of Intramembranous bone formed because of mechanical stress in a tendon;
Bone embedded within a tendon.

Back 188

Sesamoid

Front 189

Two examples of sesamoid intramembranous bone

Back 189

Patella
Pisiform

Front 190

Types of intramembranous bone formed from connective tissue around cartilage and bone;
Adds thickness to structures

Back 190

Perichondral
Periosteal

Front 191

Type of joint where bones move

Back 191

Synovial (Diarthrosis)

Front 192

Fluid-filled, connective tissue cap at end of bone.

Back 192

Synovial Capsule

Front 193

Type of joint which provides no movement.

Back 193

Synarthrosis

Front 194

In regards to synarthrosis joints, cartilage between aligned surfaces.

Back 194

Synchodrosis

Front 195

In regards to synarthrosis joints, contact with fibrous connective tissue (most sutures)

Back 195

Syndesmosis

Front 196

In regards to synarthrosis joints, fused bones.

Back 196

Sysnostosis

Front 197

In regards to synarthrosis joints, at midlines.

Back 197

Symphysis

Front 198

Bone from the original cartilaginous shelf;
Cartilaginous regions of a skull

Back 198

Chondrocranium

Front 199

Part of the skull derived from embryonic gill arches.

Back 199

Splanchnocranium

Front 200

Part of the skull formed from dermal bones

Back 200

Dermatocranium

Front 201

Portion of the skull which is bones that surround the brain

Back 201

Neurocranium

Front 202

Fate of the chondrocranium in chondrichthyes

Back 202

Arches up laterally and seals off at top

Front 203

The origin of the splanchnocranium:

Back 203

gill arch skeleton of hemichordates becoming bony or cartilaginous

Front 204

Parts of the splanchnocranium:

Back 204

Gill Arches
Mandibular Arch
Hyoid Arch

Front 205

1st pharyngeal arch

Back 205

Mandibular Arch

Front 206

2nd pharyngeal arch

Back 206

Hyoid Arch

Front 207

Sections of the gill arches:

Back 207

Pharyngobranchial
Epibranchial
Ceratobranchial
Hypobranchial
Basibranchial

Front 208

Components of the Mandibular Arch:

Back 208

Palatoquadrate
Meckel's Cartilage

Front 209

Components of the Hyoid Arch:

Back 209

Hyomandibula
Hyoid Bones

Front 210

Remnants of slit between hyoid arch and mandibular arch which draws in water and gives oxygen to eye.

Back 210

Spiracle

Front 211

In sharks, the __________ pushes forward to open and pulls back to shut.

Back 211

Hyomandibula

Front 212

Hypothesis of jaw evolution in which the first or second gill arches formed the mandibular arch and the next formed the hyoid arch; Nothing else formed.

Back 212

Serial Hypothesis

Front 213

Hypothesis of jaw evolution in which the second and third gill arches formed the mandibular arch, the next formed the hyoid arch and parts of all are incorporated into the skull.

Back 213

Composite Hypothesis

Front 214

In fishes, this changes the size of the mouth chamber.

Back 214

Hyoid

Front 215

In tetrapods, this operates the tongue

Back 215

Hyoid

Front 216

In tetrapods, pharyngeal arches beyond that which forms the hyoid, form ________ cartilages.

Back 216

laryngeal

Front 217

In humans, the roof of the skull, forms shell around chondrocranium.
Composed of maxilla, premaxilla, most bones of the lower jaw, temporals, parietals, bones of palate.

Back 217

Dermatocranium

Front 218

Type of joint connecting jaw to skull in mammals.

Back 218

Dentary-Squamosal

Front 219

Type of joint connecting jaw to skull in all craniates other than mammals

Back 219

Articular-Quadrate

Front 220

Two species which appeared to posses both the reptilian and mammalian jaw joint.
Posses a double joint

Back 220

Probainognathus

Diarthrognathus

Front 221

In regards to the double joint of Probainognathus and Diarthrognathus, the one which is functional...

Back 221

Dentary-Squamosal

Front 222

In regards to the double joint of Probainognathus and Diarthrognathus, the one which is for hearing...

Back 222

Quadrate-Angular

Front 223

Joints in skull other than jaw joint;
The ability to move upper jaw up

Back 223

Cranial Kinesis

Front 224

structure present in all fishes and retained in amphibians;
Forces air into the lungs.

Back 224

Buccal Force Pump

Front 225

Posses the most complex skull among craniates

Back 225

Teleosts

Front 226

Fishes have anterior and posterior _____ connected by a tube.

Back 226

nares

Front 227

In regards to internal nares, osteolepimorphs and tetrapods developed a new ________ nare and _________.

Back 227

internal
nasal passage

Front 228

In osteolepimorphs and tetrapods, the duct between external nare and the primitive posterior nare

Back 228

Nasolacrimal Canal

Front 229

In osteolepimorphs and tetrapods, the tube between external nares and internal nares

Back 229

Nasal Passage

Front 230

Complexly folded teeth found in osteolepimorphs and early tetrapods.

Back 230

Labyrinthodont Teeth

Front 231

Due to the presence of an __________ joint, reptiles are able to move their upper jaw up.
This separates the skull into parts.

Back 231

Intracranial

Front 232

In regards to reptilian kinesis, a intracranial joint at the back of the skull.

Back 232

Metakinesis

Front 233

In regards to reptilian kinesis, a intracranial joint just behind the orbit.

Back 233

Mesokinesis

Front 234

The most rare case of reptilian kinesis and the potential possessors.

Back 234

Mesokinesis

Amphisbaenians & some burrowing lizards

Front 235

The majority of lizards have this type of kinesis, which is both meso- and metakinetic joints.

Back 235

Dikinetic

Front 236

Type of reptilian kinesis in which the intracranial joint is in front of the eye.
Present in snakes and birds

Back 236

Prokinesis

Front 237

In regards to reptilian kinesis, a pendulous quadrate
Necessary in order for meta-, meso-, and prokinetic joints to work.

Back 237

Streptostyly

Front 238

Lizards lose the ____________.

Back 238

lower temporal bar

Front 239

Snakes lose ______________.

Back 239

upper temporal bar

Front 240

Snakes are able to operate each jaw independently due to loss of this.

Back 240

Lower Jaw Symphysis

Front 241

Vipers have this structure, which rotates forward to inject venom.

Back 241

pendulous maxilla

Front 242

Birds have a derived, _________ skull.

Back 242

diapsid

Front 243

Some birds posses this ability to flex the tip of the upper jaw up

Back 243

Rhynchokinesis

Front 244

Present in mammals, separates nasal and buccal cavities;
Allows for eating and breathing at same time.

Back 244

Secondary Palate

Front 245

Attaches secondary palate to the trachea in mammals;
Made of fibrocartilage

Back 245

Soft Palate

Front 246

Only other animals with secondary palate

Back 246

Crocodiles

Front 247

Possession of different types of teeth

Back 247

Heterodonty

Front 248

In heterodonts, teeth for clipping

Back 248

Incisors

Front 249

In heterodonts, teeth for piercing

Back 249

Canines

Front 250

In heterodonts, teeth for chewing and ripping

Back 250

Molars & Premolars

Front 251

Occurs when the coronal suture along the back of the skull closes prematurely and leads to brain & skull malformations if not treated.

Back 251

Coronal Synostosis

Front 252

Components of the axial skeleton

Back 252

Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Gastralia

Front 253

dermal bones found in the ventral body wall which do not articulate with the vertebrae

Back 253

Gastralia

Front 254

Type of vertebrae in which the elements are separate

Back 254

Aspidospondylous

Front 255

Type of vertebrae in which the the elements are fused.

Back 255

Holospondylous

Front 256

Elements of the primitive vertebrae which protects the neural tube

Back 256

Neural Arch

Front 257

Dorsal intercalary plate of sharks

Back 257

Interneural Arch

Front 258

Vertebra classification in which no centrum is present

Back 258

Aspondylous

Front 259

Vertebra classification in which either the pleurocentrum or the intercentrum form the centrum

Back 259

Monospondylous

Front 260

Vertebra classification in which both the pleurocentrum and the intercentrum form the centrum

Back 260

Diplospondylous

Front 261

Vertebra classification in which more than one vertebrae per segment are present

Back 261

Polyspondylous

Front 262

Vertebrae classification present in chimaeras & lungfishes

Back 262

Polyspondylous

Front 263

Centrum type in which both sides are concave.

Back 263

Amphicoelous

Front 264

Centrum type in which both sides are flat.

Back 264

Acoelous

Front 265

Centrum type in which the anterior side is convex while the posterior is concave.

Back 265

Opisthocoelous

Front 266

Centrum type in which the anterior side is concave while the posterior side is convex.

Back 266

Procoelous

Front 267

Type of vertebrae which is fairly rigid due to the presence of notochord.

Back 267

Amphicoelous

Front 268

Type of vertebrae which allows for almost all types of movement.

Back 268

Heterocoelous

Front 269

Centrum type in which the sides are saddle shaped

Back 269

Heterocoelous

Front 270

Type of vertebrae which is not very flexible.

Back 270

Acoelous

Front 271

Remnants of notochordal sheath which links successive vertebrae.

Back 271

Intervertebral Ligament

Front 272

Component of vertebrae which is present predominantly in terrestrial animals and limits twisting.

Back 272

Zygapophyses

Front 273

Structures similar to Zygapophyses, but are only found in suqamates (lizards, snakes):
Anterior ________
Posterior ________

Back 273

Zygosphenes
Zygantra

Front 274

In amniotes, the vertebrae begins development when cell from the _________ migrate and coat the notochord in the __________ tube.

Back 274

sclerotome

perichordal

Front 275

Chain of cartilaginous elements which results from differentiation of the notochordal sheath in teleosts

Back 275

Chordal Centers

Front 276

In teleost vertebrae development, notochordal sheath which remains between chordal centers will become ______.

Back 276

Intervertebral Ligaments

Front 277

Sclerotomes form _________ bone in amniotes.

Back 277

Endochondral

Front 278

Sclerotomes form _________ bone in teleosts.

Back 278

Dermal

Front 279

The notochord partially ossifies in _______, not in _______.

Back 279

teleosts;
amniotes

Front 280

Modifications of anterior 4-5 vertebrae which connects the swim bladder to the inner ear.

Back 280

Weberian Apparatus

Front 281

Phylogenetic Pattern of placoderms, acanthodians, early chondricthyes and most sarcopterygii.

Back 281

Neural & Hemal arches ride on notochord

Front 282

Phylogenetic patters of modern chondricthyes, neopterygii and bichirs

Back 282

Fully formed centra which are amphicoelous

Front 283

Phylogenetic Patterns of osteolepimorphs

Back 283

Intercentrum dominates
Pleurocentrim is small
Ribs are short & thick

Front 284

Present in mammals; Formed from intercentrum and neural arch of first verrtebra

Back 284

Atlas

Front 285

Formed from pleurocentrum of first vertebra and the intercentrum, pleurocentrum and neural arch of the second vertebra.

Back 285

Axis

Front 286

IC1

Back 286

Atlas

Front 287

PC1 + IC2 + PC2

Back 287

Axis

Front 288

PC1 + IC2

Back 288

Odontoid Process

Front 289

Neural spines are _______ in heavier animals and are optimized for _____.

Back 289

longer
strength

Front 290

Structure of bird vertebrae which containes fused thoracic, lumbar, sacral and pelvic girdle.

Back 290

Synsacrum

Front 291

Ribs of fishes are _______ bone.

Back 291

Endochondral

Front 292

Fish have _________ & ________ ribs, while tetrapods only have _________ ribs.

Back 292

Dorsal, Ventral
Ventral

Front 293

A flab extending posterior to a rib which overlaps with the next rib.
Present for the attachment of inhalatory muscles .
Present in birds and labyrinthodonts

Back 293

Uncinate Processes

Front 294

Mammal ribs define the ________ region.

Back 294

thoracic

Front 295

A midventral, endochondral structure which is the site for origin of chest muscles.
Present as a single bone in reptiles and forms the keel in most birds.

Back 295

Sternum

Front 296

In mammals, the chain of elements forming the sternum.

Back 296

Sternebrae

Front 297

Abdominal ribs which are dermal bone;
Serve as site for ventral muscle attachment in lizards, crocs, tuataras and some dinos;

Back 297

Gastrlia

Front 298

The human vertebral column is _________.

Back 298

sigmoidal

Front 299

The curvature of the lumbar vertebrae which accounts for the reason why pregnant women do not fall over.

Back 299

Lordosis

Front 300

___ vertebrae are used in the Lordosis of the woman spine, as opposed to ___ in men.

Back 300

3;
2