Comparative Anatomy

Front 1

What are the three basic components of the head skeleton of vertebrates?

Back 1

Neurocranium, dermatocranium, and splanchnocranium

Front 2

This is the primary protective encasement of the brain. It is evolutionary the oldest and forms a cartilage "box" enveloping the brain. This structure is perforated with foramina for the passage of nerves and blood vessels, inludes capsules which wholly or partially envelope major sense organs.

Back 2

The neurocranium

Front 3

In chondrichthys this basic component of the head skeleton remains cartilage throughout the life of the animal and is also termed the ___________

Back 3

chondrocranium

Front 4

In many vertebrates parts of the neurocranium become ossified to form some of the skull bones. This type of ossification is known as

Back 4

endochondral ossification

Front 5

Beneath the developing brain, centers of __________ contribute to the development of a pair of parachordal cartilage and a pair of prechordal cartilage plates

Back 5

chondrification

Front 6

The parachordals expand and unite to form the floor of the neurocranium or the _______ ______

Back 6

basal plate

Front 7

The prechordals expand and unite to form the _______ ______

Back 7

ethmoid plate

Front 8

What is a fenestra ?

Back 8

A window which loooks like a large foramen

Front 9

A fenestra remains through which the hypophysis protrudes, the ______ _______, and which allows the passage of the internal carotid arteries to supply the brain

Back 9

hypophyseal finestra

Front 10

The development of a tectum refers to a _____

Back 10

roof

Front 11

_________ retain only an incomplete neurocranium which is lacking in a cartilagenous roof

Back 11

cyclostomes

Front 12

Chondrichthys possess a well developed neurocranium called the ______

Back 12

chondrocranium

Front 13

The hypophyseal fenestra separates into two foramina for the passage of the internal carotids and the hypophysis rests instead in a cartilagenous depression called the ______ _____

Back 13

sella turcica

Front 14

On the roof of the chondrocranium are two foramina for the _________ and ________ ducts. These ducts enable the inner ear cavity and vestibular apparatus to be in communication with the outside water

Back 14

perilymphatic and endolymphatic

Front 15

Two articular surfaces for the attachment to the vertebral column. These are known as the ______ _______

Back 15

occipital condyles

Front 16

A number of centers of ossification appear in the neurocranium, and will become bones by means of ________ _________

Back 16

endochondral ossification

Front 17

There are four regions where ossification occurs which are:

Back 17

Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Otic

Front 18

The occipital area of the neurocranium below, lateral to , and above the foramen magnum ossifies as the _______, ________, ________

Back 18

basioccipital
exoccipital
and supraoccipital

Front 19

What 3 ossification locations make up the floor of the skull? back to front

Back 19

basioccipital, basisphenoid, and presphenoid

Front 20

Where are the ossification locations of the otic capsule?

Back 20

prootic, opisthotic, and epiotic

Front 21

in birds and mammals the ossification locations of the otic capsule fuse with each other as ossification proceeds to form a single periotic bone known as _______

Back 21

petrosal

Front 22

The bones of they dermatocranium phylogenetically originated in the _____ and are derived from the ______ ______

Back 22

dermis; integumentary system

Front 23

What are the four regions into which the dermatocranium is divided into?

Back 23

Roofing bones
upper jaw
primary palatal
opercular

Front 24

What are the roofing bones from front to back?

Back 24

nasals, frontals, parietals, and post parietals.

Front 25

Roofing bones and the ring of dermal bones, in counter-clockwise fashion for the right eye...

Back 25

lacrimal, prefrontal, postfrontal, postorbital and infraorbital

Front 26

Posterior to the ring of bones encircling the orbit are the .... Ventral to this chain of dermal bones is the ________ bone and the _________

Back 26

intertemporal, supratemporal and tabular bones; squamosal bone and quadratojugal bone

Front 27

The upper portion of the mandibular arch is called the _______

Back 27

palatoquadrate bone

Front 28

The primary _______ is the roof of the mouth and the roof of the nasopharynx.

Back 28

Palate

Front 29

_____ bones developes as a membranous outgrowth of the second girll arch (hyoid arch)

Back 29

opercular

Front 30

What are the three opercular bones in osteicthys?

Back 30

opercular-- largest
preopercular
interopercular