Comparative Anatomy

Front 1

What animal is a good example of a mammal that has both hair and epidermal scales on some parts of their body

Back 1

rat

Front 2

Which category of animal did the modifications of the stratum corneum first appear?

Back 2

Reptiles

Front 3

Claws, Hooves, and Nails consist of the _______, the ________, and in ungulates there is a cuneus.

Back 3

unguis, subunguis

Front 4

_______shed the claws along with their epidermis during molting

Back 4

squamates

Front 5

are the horns of artiodactyls shed?

Back 5

no

Front 6

The horn of artiodactyls has a core of _________ ________ (part of the skull bone) and a keratinized sheath

Back 6

dermal bone

Front 7

________ are not keratinized. They are regrown every year by deer. They consist of exposed bone which is attached to the frontal bone of the skull. There is no blood supply to this location and it is not living. The epidermal covering is shed soon after it grows

Back 7

antlers

Front 8

What is the horn of the rhinoceros composed of?

Back 8

modified hair- agglutinated keratinized hairs constitute the horn

Front 9

This notes the core of dermal bone

Back 9

horns

Front 10

Which organisms roof of the oral cavity is supplied with several hundred plates of keratinized epidermal tissue which hang down from the roof of the mouth and strain the microscopic plankton from the water

Back 10

Mysticetes (baleen whale)

Front 11

Feathers cover the body in tracts called ________ but are absent on the feet and legs, beak, and occasionally around the head.

Back 11

pterylae

Front 12

_______ on the wings constitute the airfoil for flying

Back 12

feathers

Front 13

In birds, these provide thermal insulation against heat and cold

Back 13

feathers

Front 14

_______ and ________ of feathers are important in camouflage, warning, and social interaction

Back 14

Color and plumage

Front 15

These are cornified (keratinized) outgrowths of the integument which occur in three types

Back 15

Feathers

Front 16

feathers occur in 3 types what are these three types?

Back 16

Contour feathers
Down feathers
Filoplumes

Front 17

the _____ is the base of the shaft of a feather, excluding the vanes

Back 17

calamus

Front 18

what are the two parts that composes a feather?

Back 18

rachis and calamus

Front 19

Emanating from the rachis are a series of ________ and emanating from each of these are a series of ______ on one side of the barb and flanges on the other side of the barb. The _______ have velcro-like ________ that neatly hook the flanges of the adjacent feather and therby the feathers are bound as a unit;

Back 19

barbs; barbules; barbules; hooklets

Front 20

what gives the fluffy appearance in birds?

Back 20

Covert feathers lack hooklets on the proximal part of the rachis

Front 21

At the base of the rachis there is a small notch called the _________ _______ from which arises a small afterfeather.

Back 21

superior umbillicus

Front 22

The point of attachment of the calamus to the body of the bird is called the ________ ________

Back 22

inferior umbilicus

Front 23

* small fluffy feathers which lie beneath and between the contour feathers
*function in insulation and providing loft to the contour feathers.
*Consist of a short calamus with a crown of barbs which lack barbules and hooklets

Back 23

Downfeathers (plumules)

Front 24

*hairlike feathers consisting mainly of a shaft
*found among the contour feathers and plumules

Back 24

Filoplumes

Front 25

Initially, _______ ______ aggregates to form a dermal papilla which indents the overlying epidermis

Back 25

mesodermal tissue

Front 26

the _______ ______ secretes an inductor substance to induce the epidermis to develop a pimple -like elevation called the _______ ________

Back 26

dermal papilla; feather primordium

Front 27

provide nourishment for the developing feather

Back 27

Vascularized dermal papillae

Front 28

What is the most reasonable assumption of the evolution of feathers?

Back 28

they are homologous with reptilian scales

Front 29

by increasing or decreasing _______, birds can finely adjust the posture, position, speed, direction and lift during flight

Back 29

drag

Front 30

Among the integumentary system this accessory is common to all orders of mammals

Back 30

hair

Front 31

integumentary system accessory that functions in thermoregulation, protection, defense, and coloration

Back 31

Hair

Front 32

________ are modified hairs called vibrissae

Back 32

Whiskers

Front 33

Hair probably evolved between scales in early ________

Back 33

mammals

Front 34

The pattern of hair placement reflects a _______ _______

Back 34

scale arrangement

Front 35

Hair usually grow in groups. How many per group in humans?

Back 35

3-5

Front 36

The arrangment of hairs and the co-occurrence of scales and hairs suggests that hair may have developed from the flexible thin regions of the ______ _______ of reptiles

Back 36

stratum corneum

Front 37

Name the type of rod or hair with the associated temporal species:
Therapsid ancestor stage

Back 37

primitive tactile rod

Front 38

Name the type of rod or hair with the associated temporal species:
Primitive therapsid stage

Back 38

Intermediate tactile rod

Front 39

Name the type of rod or hair witht hte associated temporal species:
Advanced therapsid stage

Back 39

Primitive tactile hair

Front 40

Name the type of rod or hair with the associated temporal species:
Mammalian stage

Back 40

Advanced tactile hair

Front 41

A fully developed hair grows from a follicle and grows as a result of

Back 41

mitosis in the bulb

Front 42

HAIR FOLLICLE
A dermal papilla (highly vascular) provides ________ support. The root of the hair is within the _______ and is incompletely dried or cornified

Back 42

physiological; follicle

Front 43

As the hair grows out of the follicle, it dries and is called the ______

Back 43

shaft

Front 44

a ______ _______ deposits oil around the base of the shaft and root

Back 44

a sebaceous gland

Front 45

Dense keratin, air vacuoles, cornified cells and cell fragments and pigment granules constitute the ______ ______

Back 45

hair shaft

Front 46

_________ granules produced in cell of the dermis are actively injected into the epidermal cell produced in the hair follicle

Back 46

Melanin

Front 47

_____ can only receive melanin granules

Back 47

hair

Front 48

Hair color depends on the amount of ________, _______, ______ ____ _______

Back 48

Pigment, air vacuoles, and thickness of shaft

Front 49

When pigment is sparse and there is a great deal of air vacuoles, the hair appears ____

Back 49

grey

Front 50

Like feathers, hairs are induced to develop from the secretion of _______ _______ from the underlying dermis

Back 50

inductor substances

Front 51

Hair is epidermal which means it is derived from the ______

Back 51

ectoderm

Front 52

The ______is derived primarily from the mesoderm; it is composed of _______ connective tissue.

Back 52

dermis; collagenous

Front 53

______ _______ ______ provides strength and flexibility to the epidermis

Back 53

Collagenous connective tissue in the dermis

Front 54

The collagenous tissue of the dermis is composed chiefly of _______ and _______ fibers.

Back 54

elastic and inelastic

Front 55

the fibers that compose __________ ________ ________ provide scaffolding for the deposition of inorganic salts in the formation of dermal bone in many vertebrates

Back 55

collagenous connective tissue

Front 56

The pigment cells within the dermis which deposit their pigment granules in the overlying epidermis

Back 56

chrmatophores

Front 57

Throughout the vertebrates, the dermis retains its original vertebrate ability to form bone through _______ ________

Back 57

intramembranous ossification

Front 58

This early innovation of agnathous vertebrates was largely responsible for the success of the sub-phylum

Back 58

the dermal bone

Front 59

The earliest vertebrate forms had a general structure that consisted of ________ bone overlain with ______ bone

Back 59

lamellar; spongy

Front 60

What three layers comprise the spongy bone of the dermis?

Back 60

Dentin, enamel, denticles

Front 61

These types of fishes were highly armored with dermal bone

Back 61

ancient

Front 62

As ancient fishes evolved, and developed jaws, paired fins, and speed they reduced the boy plates of the trunk, and the bony plates became fused to the cartilage brain case or the _________

Back 62

chondrocranium

Front 63

What are the four main types of dermal armor?

Back 63

Cosmoid, Ganoid, Elasmoid, Placoid

Front 64

What are the two subclasses of elasmoid armor?

Back 64

Cycloid, and Ctenoid

Front 65

Cosmoid scales were found in the early _______

Back 65

sarcopterygians

Front 66

Modern crossopterygians have ______ scales

Back 66

ganoid

Front 67

Ganoid scales are presently found in ________and ________

Back 67

holosteans and chondrosteans

Front 68

The ______ forms a continuous sheet around the body of modern holosteans such as the gar.

Back 68

ganoins

Front 69

In living ________, the bony layers of the ganoid scales are absent (no lamellar bone, songy bone or dentin)

Back 69

holosteans

Front 70

The ________ enamel constitutes a continuous sheath over the entire animal

Back 70

ganoin

Front 71

Around the head, dermal bones in the form of plates (including the lamellar and spongy layer) make up the exterior of the skull aka the ________

Back 71

dermatocranium

Front 72

These are dermal denticles of the class of chondrichthys

Back 72

placoid scales

Front 73

This type of scale have a base of vascular lamellar bone and dentin

Back 73

placoid

Front 74

The placoid scale is tooth-like in shape and possesses a ______ ______ containing blood vessels.

Back 74

pulp cavity

Front 75

The outside of the dentine has a layer of enamel and the spine of the tooth protrudes through the epidermis.

Back 75

Placoid scale

Front 76

Do placoid scales shed and regrow?

Back 76

yes

Front 77

The _____ and ______ of chondrichthys are modified placoid scales and have the same structure.

Back 77

Teeth & spine

Front 78

The placoid scale is also known as the _____ ______

Back 78

dermal denticle

Front 79

These types of scales are composed of acellular bone called ______

Back 79

aspidin

Front 80

the cycloid type of elasmoid scale is found in ___________ teleosts

Back 80

primitive

Front 81

the ctenoid type of elasmoid scale is found in ______ teleosts. (note:ctini)

Back 81

advanced

Front 82

What type of elasmoid scales do intermediately evolved teleosts have?

Back 82

they can have both types

Front 83

______ _______ consist of a very thin layer of lamellar bone which lacks cells.

Back 83

Elasmoid scales

Front 84

Which teleost possess extremely tiny scales ?

Back 84

Anguilla- the eel