Comparative Anatomy 1

Front 1

Father of comparative anatomy;
Deduced whole organisms from single parts;
Established extinction as a reality;
Did not believe in evolution

Back 1

Georges Cuvier

Front 2

Top anatomist of his time;
Famous for archetypes;

Back 2

Richard Owen

Front 3

Concept that all vertebrates were built along a common plan or blueprint

Back 3

Archetype

Front 4

One of the first teachers of comparative anatomy;
First to detail glaciation;
Thought evolution was false;

Back 4

Louis Agassiz

Front 5

Famous for the first scientific evolutionary hypothesis;
Believed animals could alter their appearance during life and pass these traits to their offspring.

Back 5

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Front 6

Famous for publishing a paper along with Darwin on natural selection;
Has a line of demarcation named after him.

Back 6

Alfred Russel Wallace

Front 7

Suggested that animals & humans can produce more offspring than can survive;

Back 7

Thomas Malthus

Front 8

Change over time, which does not imply direction;
A fact, a theory, & a bunch of hypotheses;

Back 8

Evolution

Front 9

A coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena.

Back 9

Theory

Front 10

Correspondence in function or position between organs of dissimilar evolutionary origin or structure;
Same function, different origin

Back 10

Analogy

Front 11

Correspondence in evolutionary origin;
Same origin, not necessarily same function

Back 11

Homology

Front 12

The sum of convergences, parallelisms, and reversals

Back 12

Homoplasy

Front 13

Two unrelated organisms evolving the same structure

Back 13

Convergence

Front 14

Two sister species evolving the same structure independently

Back 14

Parallelisms

Front 15

Reversion back to the less derived state

Back 15

Reversal

Front 16

Evolutionary history which is typically expressed in a branching diagram

Back 16

Phylogeny

Front 17

Component of a phylogenetic tree which represents lineage.

Back 17

branch

Front 18

Component of a phylogenetic tree which represents a hypothetical common ancestor.

Back 18

Node

Front 19

Component of a phylogenetic tree which is a closest relative

Back 19

Sister Group

Front 20

Group on a phylogenetic tree which consists of all descendants of the group's most recent common ancestor.

Back 20

Monophyletic Group

Front 21

Group consisting of he group's most recent common ancestor, but not all descendants;

Do not represent evolution;

Back 21

Paraphyletic Group

Front 22

Group consisting of two or more groups, but not the group's more recent common ancestor, nor all of its descendents;

Back 22

Polyphyletic Group

Front 23

Group which includes the most recent common ancestor;

Group which does not include the most recent common ancestor;

Back 23

Paraphyletic

Polyphyletic

Front 24

The only type of group good for taxonomy and evolution

Back 24

Monophyletic Group

Front 25

Derived characteristics

Back 25

Apomorphy

Front 26

Shared derived characteristic

Back 26

Synapomorphy

Front 27

Primitive characteristic

Back 27

Plesiomorphy

Front 28

Shared primitive characteristic

Back 28

Symplesiomorphy

Front 29

Only useful character for building a tree

Back 29

Synapomorphies

Front 30

Some synapomorphies for mammals.

Back 30

Incus & Malleus;
Dentry Bone

Front 31

States that the simplest solutions if the best one;
Explanation of any phenomena should make as few assumptions as possible;
The tree that minimizes the amount of homoplasy is best

Back 31

Occam's Razor - The Principle of Parsimony

Front 32

Geological Era from 544 - 250 MYA

Back 32

Paleozoic

Front 33

Geological Era from 250 - 65 MYA

Back 33

Mesozoic

Front 34

Geological Era from 65 - 0.01 MYA

Back 34

Cenozoic

Front 35

Geological Period from 544-505 MYA

Back 35

Cambrian

Front 36

Geological Period from 505-440 MYA

Back 36

Ordovician

Front 37

Geological Period from 440-410 MYA

Back 37

Silurian

Front 38

Geological Period from 410-360 MYA

Back 38

Devonian

Front 39

Geological Period from 360-290 MYA

Back 39

Carboniferous

Front 40

Geological Period from 290-250 MYA

Back 40

Permian

Front 41

Geological Period from 250-208 MYA

Back 41

Triassic

Front 42

Geological Period from 208-146 MYA

Back 42

Jurassic

Front 43

Geological Period from 146-65 MYA

Back 43

Cretaceous

Front 44

Geological Period from 65-0.01 MYA

Back 44

Tertiary

Front 45

Geological Period from 0.01 MYA - Present Day

Back 45

Quaternary

Front 46

The study of fossilization

Back 46

Taphonomy

Front 47

Any indication of past life;
Bone and hard parts, burrows, footprints, gizzard stones, eggs, feces, softparts

Back 47

Fossil

Front 48

Fossilized feces

Back 48

coprolites

Front 49

External or internal type of fossil

Back 49

Molds

Front 50

Fossils in which organisms dissolve and leave only a carbon imprint

Back 50

Carbonization

Front 51

Type of fossil in which calcites and silicates profuse into hard substances like bone, making it harder;
Most common types of fossil

Back 51

Permineralizations

Front 52

Method of dating fossils in regards to the relative position in rock layers

Back 52

Stratigraphy

Front 53

Able to count the number of atoms in very small samples very accurately;
Used in radiometric methods for dating fossils.

Back 53

Mass Spectrometer

Front 54

Characteristics of the phylum chordata

Back 54

Notochord
Postanal Tail
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord (DHNC)
Pharyngeal Gill Slits

Front 55

Seasquirts, tunicates, etc.
Look nothing like any other chordate, but the similarities reside in the larval stage, in which all characteristics of a chordate are present

Back 55

Urochordata

Front 56

Class of urochordata;
sea squirts;
Contain no DHNC, notochord or postanal tail as an adult

Back 56

Asicidiacea

Front 57

Subphylum of Chordata containing amphioxus or lancets;
Largely sessile & filter feeders;
Posses striated muscle notochords;

Back 57

Cephalochordata

Front 58

Muscle bands present in the cephalochordates;

Connective tissue between these muscles;

Back 58

Myomeres

Myosepta

Front 59

Elements of segmentation in craniates and cephalochordata;

Back 59

Somites

Front 60

Potential origin on craniata from 530 MYA

Back 60

Haikouella

Front 61

In regards to origins of craniata, thses had a brain, but no skull.

These had a brain and a skull.

Back 61

Haikouella

Haikouichthys

Front 62

Jawless craniates;
Paraphyletic Group

Back 62

Agnatha

Front 63

Primitive group;
Consists of the hagfishes;
Posses 1 semicircular canal in the ear and 1 nasal opening;

Back 63

Myxini

Front 64

Characteristics of the phylum chordata

Back 64

Notochord
Postanal Tail
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord (DHNC)
Pharyngeal Gill Slits

Front 65

Seasquirts, tunicates, etc.
Look nothing like any other chordate, but the similarities reside in the larval stage, in which all characteristics of a chordate are present

Back 65

Urochordata

Front 66

Class of urochordata;
sea squirts;
Contain no DHNC, notochord or postanal tail as an adult

Back 66

Asicidiacea

Front 67

Subphylum of Chordata containing amphioxus or lancets;
Largely sessile & filter feeders;
Posses striated muscle notochords;

Back 67

Cephalochordata

Front 68

Muscle bands present in the cephalochordates;

Connective tissue between these muscles;

Back 68

Myomeres

Myosepta

Front 69

Elements of segmentation in craniates and cephalochordata;

Back 69

Somites

Front 70

Potential origin on craniata from 530 MYA

Back 70

Haikouella

Front 71

In regards to origins of craniata, thses had a brain, but no skull.

These had a brain and a skull.

Back 71

Haikouella

Haikouichthys

Front 72

Jawless craniates;
Paraphyletic Group

Back 72

Agnatha

Front 73

Primitive group;
Consists of the hagfishes;
Posses 1 semicircular canal in the ear and 1 nasal opening;

Back 73

Myxini

Front 74

Group of jawless fish containing the lampreys;

Back 74

Hyperoartia / Petromyzontiformes

Front 75

Group of jawless fish containing tooth-like structures made from enamel and dentin;
Later seen to contain myosepta, caudal-fins, DHNC, large eyes

Back 75

Euconodonta

Front 76

Group of bony plated, jawless craniates;
Two groups;

Back 76

Ostracoderms

Front 77

Group of ostracoderms;
Possess the oldest fossil record;
Have acellular bone and a head shield formed from fused plates;
Have 2 nasal openings

Back 77

Pteraspidomorphi

Front 78

Group of ostracoderms;
Posses synapomorphies with gnathostomes;

Back 78

Osteostraci

Front 79

Class of craniata which posses jaws, allowing for access to larger and more varied prey;
Have paired fins;
Better developed than Osteostraci

Back 79

Gnathostomata

Front 80

Type of Gnathostomata which are extinct;
Heavily armored;
Benthic to pelagic

Back 80

Placodermi

Front 81

Lowest level of a body of water

Back 81

Benthic

Front 82

Type of fish tail in which vertebrae enter upper lobe of caudal fin;
In the most primitive fishes;

Back 82

Heterocercal

Front 83

Type of fish tail in which the last vertebra turns up sightly

Back 83

Heomocercal

Front 84

Type of fish tail which is symmetrical

Back 84

Diphycercal

Front 85

Fish scales which are like teeth; Composed of enamel & dentin

Back 85

Placoid

Front 86

Fish scales which are thick, enamel covered bone

Back 86

Ganoid & Cosmoid

Front 87

Fish scales which are thin and just bone;
Typical of most fishes

Back 87

Cycloid

Front 88

Fish scales which are cycloid scales with tooth-like structures

Back 88

Ctenoid

Front 89

Type of Gnathostomata which are cartilaginous fish with placoid scales;
Have pelvic fin claspers;

Back 89

Chondrichthyes

Front 90

Subclass of Chondrichthyes containing sharks, skates, rays;
Posses and oily liver and a heterocercal caudal fin.

Back 90

Elasmobranchii

Front 91

Elasmobranchii which is benthic, has experienced a gradual loss of the caudal fin and the pectoral fins are used like wings

Back 91

Rays

Front 92

Subclass of Chondrichthyes containing the chimaeras or ratfish;
Deep sea creatures, with no scales except for spines;

Back 92

Holocephali

Front 93

Type of Gnathostomata which includes tetrapods, bony fishes and spiny sharks;

Back 93

Teleostomi

Front 94

Class of Teleostomi which are currently extinct;
Had 3+ sets of paired fins;
Had no pelvic girdles;
Known as the spiny sharks

Back 94

Acanthodii

Front 95

Class of Teleostomi consisting of the bony fishes and tetrapods;

Back 95

Osteichthyes

Front 96

Type of Osteichthyes which compose the ray-finned fishes;

Back 96

Actinopterygii

Front 97

Subclass of Actinopterygii which contains the bichirs;
Organisms of this class posses many, separate dorsal fin spines;
Have ganoid scales;

Back 97

Cladistia

Front 98

Subclass of Actinopterygii which includes the sturgeon and the paddlefishes;
These are mostly cartilaginous, with no scales;

Back 98

Chondrostei

Front 99

Subclass of Actinopterygi involving organisms with more complex fins, no clavicle and fin rays and supports which are equal in number;
Includes the gar, bowfin and teleosts;

Back 99

Neopterygii

Front 100

Order of Neopterygii which includes the Gars;

Back 100

Lepisosteiformes

Front 101

Order of Neopterygii which includes the Bowfin;

Back 101

Amiiformes

Front 102

Subclass of Neopterygii which includes most fishes;
Describes ~25,000 species;

Back 102

Teleostei

Front 103

Class of Osteichthyes including the lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods;
These fish developed into tetrapods

Back 103

Sarcopterygii

Front 104

Subclass of Sarcopterygii including the coelacanths;
mostly cartilaginous, are involved in live birth, have a shark-like osmoregulatory system and cycloid scales.

Back 104

Actinistia

Front 105

Subclass of Sarcopterygii which includes the lungfish;
Have lungs and larvae with external gills.

Back 105

Dipnoi

Front 106

Subclass of Sarcopterygii which are our closest fish relatives;
Posses homologous arm bones and internal nares.

Back 106

Osteolepimorpha

Front 107

Order of the fishes-->Tetrapods

Back 107

Eusthenopteron
Panderichthys
Tiktaalik
Acanthostega
Ichthyostega

Front 108

Order of extant amphibians including the frogs and toads;
Have a modified pelvic girdle for jumping and larvae with internal gills;

Back 108

Salientia (Anura)

Front 109

Subclass of Sarcopterygii which includes four-legged animals and their descendants;

Back 109

Tetrapoda

Front 110

Class of Tetrapoda which posses cutaneous respiration, usually have a mucous coat, and most need water to reproduce.

Back 110

Amphibia

Front 111

Subclass of amphibia which includes all recent amphibia;

Back 111

Lissamphibia

Front 112

The three orders of amphibians which fall under the Subclass Lissamphibia

Back 112

1. Salientia (Anura)
2. Caudata (Urodela)
3. Gymnophiona (Apoda)

Front 113

Order of extant amphibians which includes salamanders and newts;
Have larvae with external gills.

Back 113

Caudata (Urodela)

Front 114

Order of extant amphibians which includes caecilians;
These are wormlike and lack legs, have ringlike body segments and live birth.

Back 114

Gymnophiona (Apoda)

Front 115

Class of Tetrapoda which posses a three membraned egg;
Have no need for water for reproduction;
Have keratinized skin;

Back 115

Amniota

Front 116

Amniota groups are defined largely based on the number of ________ of the skull.

Back 116

Fenestrae

Front 117

Type of amniote whose skull does not have any fenestrae

Back 117

Anapsid

Front 118

Type of amniote whose skull has 1 fenestrae

Back 118

Synapsid, Euryapsid

Front 119

Type of amniote whose skull has 2 fenestrae

Back 119

Diapsid

Front 120

Turtles and early amniotes have an _______ skull.

Back 120

anapsid

Front 121

lizards, snakes, crocodiles, dinosaur and birds have an ________ skull.

Back 121

diapsid

Front 122

Mammals have an _________ skull.

Back 122

synapsid

Front 123

Order of Reptilia which includes the turtles;
Have a shell, pectoral girdle medial to ribs and heterocoelous cervical vertebrae.

Back 123

Testudines

Front 124

Subclass of Reptilia which include all crocodiles, lizards, snakes, and tuatara.
Mostly with diapsid skull.

Back 124

Diapsida

Front 125

Order of Diapsida which includes dolphin-like organisms who are purely aquatic, have live birth.

Back 125

Ichthyosauria

Front 126

Order of Diapsida which are relatives of lizards;
Posses euryapsid skull, are mostly aquatic and laid eggs on shore.

Back 126

Lepidosauromorpha

Front 127

Order of Lepidosauromorpha which includes two suborders.

Back 127

Lepidosauria

Front 128

Suborder of Lepidosauria which includes the tuataras;

Back 128

Rhynchocephalia

Front 129

Suborder of Lepidosauria which includes lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians.
Have kinetic skulls

Back 129

Squamata

Front 130

Order of Lepidosauromorpha which includes plesiosaurs and mososaurs.

Back 130

Sauropterygia

Front 131

Order of Diapsida which are known as the "Ruling Reptiles";
Tend towards columnar limbs;
Posses antiorbital fenestrae, thecodont teeth and calcaneal tuber

Back 131

Archosauromorpha

Front 132

Suborder used to classify stem archosaurs.

Back 132

Thecodonts

Front 133

Suborder of Archosauromorpha which includes crocodiles and alligators.

Back 133

Crocodylomorpha

Front 134

Suborder of Archosauromorpha which includes pterosaurs;

Back 134

Pterosauromorpha

Front 135

Suborder of Archosauromorph which includes dinosaurs and birds.

Back 135

Dinosauria

Front 136

Order of Dinosauria known as the bird-hipped dinosaurs;
All of these were vegetarian and quadrupedal, except duck-bills.

Back 136

Ornithischia

Front 137

Order of Dinosauria known as the lizard-hipped dinosaurs; Includes birds;
There are also two groups of these.

Back 137

Saurischia

Front 138

The two groups of Saurischia:

Back 138

1. Sauropodomorpha
2. Theropoda

Front 139

Group of Saurischia which are quadrupedal and vegetarian.
Includes the brontosaurs.

Back 139

Sauropodomorpha

Front 140

Group of Saurischia which are bidepal and carniverous;
Includes the T.Rex and Velociraptor;
Gave rise to birds;

Back 140

Theropoda

Front 141

Class of Diapsida - Archosauromorpha - Dinosauria which includes birds;
Posses feathers, asymmetrical flight feathers and the wishbone

Back 141

Aves

Front 142

Class of Amniota includes pelycosaurs and therapsids;

Back 142

Synapsida

Front 143

Order of Synapsida which includes several primitive groups, cyncodonts and mammals;

Back 143

Therapsida

Front 144

Suborder of Therapsida which are almost mammals;

Back 144

Cynodonta

Front 145

Class of Synapsida includes organisms with hair, mammary glands, only a dentary and three ear ossicles.

Back 145

Mammalia

Front 146

Order of Mammalia containing three species, the duck-billed platypus and 2 echidnas;
Only mammals alive that lay eggs;

Back 146

Monotremata

Front 147

Subclass of Mammalia which includes marsupials and placental mammals.

Back 147

Theria

Front 148

Marsupials; "Middle Beasts";

Back 148

Metatheria

Front 149

Placentals; "New Beasts"

Back 149

Eutheria

Front 150

The most important aspect of an organisms biology.

Back 150

Size

Front 151

When the size of an organism is doubled, the surface area increases by the _________.

Back 151

Square (2x2=4x)

Front 152

When the size of an organism is doubled, the volume increases by the _________.

Back 152

Cube (2x2x2=8x)

Front 153

Differential growth of different structures;
Change in proportion of various parts of an organism as a consequence of growth.

Back 153

Allometry

Front 154

All body parts grow at the same rate;

Back 154

Isometry

Front 155

Where force enters a system

Back 155

Input Lever

Front 156

Where force leaves a system;
Where work is done;

Back 156

Output Lever

Front 157

Point of rotation

Back 157

Fulcrum

Front 158

A small input lever arm translates into a _______ optimized system;

The Ii/Io ratio is _______.

Back 158

Speed

Small

Front 159

A large input lever arm translates into a ________ optimized system;

The Ii/Io ratio is _______.

Back 159

strength

Large

Front 160

Muscles which have a _____ Ii or better for ______ and starting motion.

Back 160

larger

strength

Front 161

Muscles which have a _____ Ii or better for _______ and sustaining motion.

Back 161

smaller

speed

Front 162

The dominant factor of life on land.

Back 162

gravity

Front 163

Small animals can take advantage of _______ to overcome gravity.

Back 163

friction

Front 164

In water and air, ______ is the predominant problem.

Animals need _______ flow, and a _______ body creates this.

Back 164

Drag

Laminar

Fusiform

Front 165

Backwards force against the body that slows animals down.

Back 165

Drag

Front 166

With ________ limbs, all the weight of an animal is supported.

Back 166

Columnar

Front 167

With _______ limbs, not all the weight of an animal is supported, and some weight must be supported by muscle.

Back 167

Splayed

Front 168

An organism with ______ limbs has minimal resistance to push and tips easily.

Back 168

columnar

Front 169

An organism with ______ limbs has good resistance to push and is more stable.

Back 169

splayed

Front 170

A ______ width to height ratio translates to stability.

Back 170

High

Front 171

A ______ width to height ratio translates to unstability.

Back 171

Low

Front 172

Limbs which are optimized for strength and agility.

Back 172

Columnar

Front 173

Limbs which are optimized for stability

Back 173

Splayed

Front 174

Short limbs are more ______ than tall.

Back 174

stable

Front 175

Places extra force on bone;
Bone grows thicker

Back 175

Hypertrophy

Front 176

Removes force from bone;
Bone loses mass, grows weaker

Back 176

Atrophy

Front 177

Strengthens bone and grows along stress lines.

Back 177

Spongy Bone

Front 178

Three types of diffusion systems:

Back 178

1. Concurrent
2. Countercurrent
3. Crosscurrent

Front 179

Diffusion system in which the source is flowing parallel with sink.

Back 179

Concurrent

Front 180

Diffusion system in which the source is flowing antiparallel with sink.

Back 180

Countercurrent

Front 181

Diffusion system in which source flowing at right angle with sink.

Back 181

Crosscurrent

Front 182

In a _________ diffusion system, the source and sink quickly equilibrate.

Back 182

Concurrent

Front 183

In a _________ or _________ diffusion system, the sink can absorb much more material from the source.

Back 183

Countercurrent

Crosscurrent

Front 184

Most lungs are ___________ diffusion systems.

Back 184

countercurrent

Front 185

Bird lungs are __________ diffusion systems.

Back 185

crosscurrent