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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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empirical |
arguments that link cause and affect |
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normative |
emphasize the way things should be concepts |
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concepts |
abstract ideas we attempt to define as we ask and answer questions. 1. clear and coherent 2. logically consistent 3. useful |
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conceptualization |
making up and defining concepts |
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Sartoris Ladder of Abstraction |
general concepts on top, specific concepts at the bottom |
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operationalize |
make it workable, useable as a concept |
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evidence |
facts used in support |
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level of analysis |
individual, organizational, societal |
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cases |
basic units of analysis, like states, where you look at the facts and make comparisons |
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most similar systems (MSS) |
design based on the logic that two cases that are similar in many ways would be expected to have similar political outcomes |
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most different systems MDS |
mirrors MSS looks at two cases that are different in nearly all aspects but have similar political outcomes |
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generalizable |
applicable to a wide number of cases |
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within case comparison |
looking within ones own cases to examine variations there (like over time) |
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bivariate |
only two variables (x --> y) |
y is the social phenomenon and x is how you potentially explain it |
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multivariate |
multiple variables lead to (the same?) outcome, this is closer to reality |
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factor analysis |
a way to measure the weight of the variable x on the variable y |
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small-N |
working a with a small number of cases (3-5) because social sciences are so damn complicated |
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Large-N |
used to make something more generalizable (smaller error factor), but you may not be able to isolate the causal mechanisms |
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deviant case |
doesn't follow the expected pattern |
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positive correlation |
variables moving in concurrent association |
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negative correlation |
inverse association |
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x=y |
assuming that the variables are equal by definition |
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x<-- y |
incorrectly determined independent |
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x-->y, y-->x; also called endogenous |
variables have a feedback loop, they're too closely related, more circular in causality |
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x<-- z --> y |
unstated variable plays a role in the outcome of x and y |
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x--> ? |
spurious relationship, no real relationship |
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validity |
measures what it's supposed to |
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UN charter |
1945 all sovereign states are equal |
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Monte Video |
1933 convention on the rights and duties of states (defined border, perm population, sovereignty, central govt, independent capacity to deal with other states) |
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modern state |
political organization from 1200-1700 developed into a territorial unified and administrative centralized independent unit of government |
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magna carta |
1215 the king divided his power by giving the nobility rights |
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reformation |
1517 other sources of authority (than god?) |
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english revolution |
1688 increases separation of power |
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British elites became |
part of the parliamentary system in 1790 |
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30 years war |
1618-1648 that ends with peace of Westphalia |
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first proliferation of modern states |
1800-1925 |
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second proliferation of states |
1945-1990 decolonization |
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weber ideal of a modern state |
a system of administration and law which is modified by state and law and which guides the collective actions of the executive staff (symbol of collective action, exercises domination over the community, etc) |
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theories |
general explanations of empirical phenomenon (how the world operates) |
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hypothesis |
specific proposed explanations for why an outcome occurs |
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deductive |
starting with the general ideas and then testing whether they work on specific examples |
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inductive |
moving from specific observations to general claims |
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thesis |
a claim to argue on the basis of evidence from research |
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qualitative |
evidence from accounts of historical or contemporary events |
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quantitative |
facts, statistics, and figures |
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correlation |
measures associations between two variables |
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causation |
exists when one variable causes another |
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falsifiability |
for an explanation to be meaningful, it must be contestable |
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endogeneity |
when two variables exhibit mutual or reciprocal effects |
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empirical critique |
an effort to point to important evidence that doesn't support a conventional version of a theory |
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theoretical critique |
an effort to show that a given theory has logical limitations |
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scope conditions |
conditions or range of cases for which an argument works |
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indicator |
element that indicated the presence of an underlying factor |
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bias |
preference for one idea over another |
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bias |
preference for one idea over another |
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measurement error |
episodic error or systematic error |
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bias |
preference for one idea over another |
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measurement error |
episodic error or systematic error |
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measurement bias |
will not produce comparable results for all observations |
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bias |
preference for one idea over another |
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measurement error |
episodic error or systematic error |
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measurement bias |
will not produce comparable results for all observations |
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measurement validity |
whether a given measure effectively captures the research |
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measurement validity |
whether a given measure effectively captures the research |
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state |
most important form of political organization in modern politics |
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measurement validity |
whether a given measure effectively captures the research |
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state |
most important form of political organization in modern politics |
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rule of law |
a system that imposes regularized rules in polity with key criteria including equal rights, etc |
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modern state |
a concept used to distinguish states in the modern world from earlier forms of political centralization |
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modern state |
a concept used to distinguish states in the modern world from earlier forms of political centralization |
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state capacity |
ability of state to achieve objectives like control of violence, taxation, and rule of law |
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modern state |
a concept used to distinguish states in the modern world from earlier forms of political centralization |
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state capacity |
ability of state to achieve objectives like control of violence, taxation, and rule of law |
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failed states |
when states don't have much capacity to do anything at all |
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bureaucracy |
a form of organization that has individuals operating under established, complex rules |
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bureaucracy |
a form of organization that has individuals operating under established, complex rules |
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impersonality |
less likely to be identified with the personality of their leaders |
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bureaucracy |
a form of organization that has individuals operating under established, complex rules |
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impersonality |
less likely to be identified with the personality of their leaders |
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functions of a state |
defense (military action), policing (order of internal society), taxation, order/administration/ information collection |
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bureaucracy |
a form of organization that has individuals operating under established, complex rules |
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impersonality |
less likely to be identified with the personality of their leaders |
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functions of a state |
defense (military action), policing (order of internal society), taxation, order/administration/ information collection |
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bellicist theory |
interstate wars help in state building |
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bureaucracy |
a form of organization that has individuals operating under established, complex rules |
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impersonality |
less likely to be identified with the personality of their leaders |
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functions of a state |
defense (military action), policing (order of internal society), taxation, order/administration/ information collection |
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bellicist theory |
interstate wars help in state building |
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economic theory |
economic modernization is the fundamental cause of the rise of modern states |
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bureaucracy |
a form of organization that has individuals operating under established, complex rules |
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impersonality |
less likely to be identified with the personality of their leaders |
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functions of a state |
defense (military action), policing (order of internal society), taxation, order/administration/ information collection |
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bellicist theory |
interstate wars help in state building |
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economic theory |
economic modernization is the fundamental cause of the rise of modern states |
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cultural theories |
change in beliefs and values, such as a dramatic change in discipline of daily life, influenced state building (or nationalism) |
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bureaucracy |
a form of organization that has individuals operating under established, complex rules |
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impersonality |
less likely to be identified with the personality of their leaders |
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functions of a state |
defense (military action), policing (order of internal society), taxation, order/administration/ information collection |
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bellicist theory |
interstate wars help in state building |
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economic theory |
economic modernization is the fundamental cause of the rise of modern states |
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cultural theories |
change in beliefs and values, such as a dramatic change in discipline of daily life, influenced state building (or nationalism) |
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diffusion theories |
global spread of the idea of the state as the highest form of organization |
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bureaucracy |
a form of organization that has individuals operating under established, complex rules |
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impersonality |
less likely to be identified with the personality of their leaders |
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functions of a state |
defense (military action), policing (order of internal society), taxation, order/administration/ information collection |
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bellicist theory |
interstate wars help in state building |
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economic theory |
economic modernization is the fundamental cause of the rise of modern states |
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cultural theories |
change in beliefs and values, such as a dramatic change in discipline of daily life, influenced state building (or nationalism) |
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diffusion theories |
global spread of the idea of the state as the highest form of organization |
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three ways the state spread by diffusion |
coincidence, common underlying features present in all cases explain the individual, an international system diffused globally |
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bureaucracy |
a form of organization that has individuals operating under established, complex rules |
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impersonality |
less likely to be identified with the personality of their leaders |
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functions of a state |
defense (military action), policing (order of internal society), taxation, order/administration/ information collection |
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bellicist theory |
interstate wars help in state building |
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economic theory |
economic modernization is the fundamental cause of the rise of modern states |
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cultural theories |
change in beliefs and values, such as a dramatic change in discipline of daily life, influenced state building (or nationalism) |
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diffusion theories |
global spread of the idea of the state as the highest form of organization |
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three ways the state spread by diffusion |
coincidence, common underlying features present in all cases explain the individual, an international system diffused globally |
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marxist theory of the state |
states spread to serve the interests of the capitalist class |
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the bureaucracy |
a form of organization that has individuals operating under established, complex rules |
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impersonality |
less likely to be identified with the personality of their leaders |
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functions of a state |
defense (military action), policing (order of internal society), taxation, order/administration/ information collection |
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bellicist theory |
interstate wars help in state building |
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economic theory |
economic modernization is the fundamental cause of the rise of modern states |
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cultural theories |
change in beliefs and values, such as a dramatic change in discipline of daily life, influenced state building (or nationalism) |
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diffusion theories |
global spread of the idea of the state as the highest form of organization |
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three ways the state spread by diffusion |
coincidence, common underlying features present in all cases explain the individual, an international system diffused globally |
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marxist theory of the state |
states spread to serve the interests of the capitalist class |
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isomorphism |
(theory) quality that two or more organizations have because they are structured similarly |
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weber and the state |
the state is considered the sole source of the right to use violence |
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theda skocpol |
the state properly conceived is a set of organizations headed and coordinated by an executive authority, extracts resources from society to use in the organizations, may also contain institutions that mobilize non state actors to participate in policy implementation |
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institution/alization |
patterned activity that shapes the behavior of individuals and groups, as well as norms and values; also that structure or set of practice in organization (the way things are done) |
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Keohane's definition of institution |
complexes of norms, rules, and practices that prescribe behavioral roles, constrain activity, and shape expectations |
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powell on the civil society |
a society in which people are involved in social and political interactions free of state control and regulation |
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dickovick and eastwood on civil society |
"A space in society outside of the organization of the state, in which citizens come together and organize themselves"
The state as a concept has a space in society within the realm of "the civil society space" |
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general definition of civil society |
The network of social institutions and practices that underlie strictly political institutions |
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general definition of civil society |
The network of social institutions and practices that underlie strictly political institutions |
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bureaucracy |
A hierarchical system of established, specified, and complex rules that runs every day affairs and executes policies |
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structure of the bureaucracy |
divisions of policy areas of experienced an expert personnel, the bulk of whom are permanent career members of the bureaucracies of a state |
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structure of the bureaucracy |
divisions of policy areas of experienced an expert personnel, the bulk of whom are permanent career members of the bureaucracies of a state |
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function of the bureaucracy |
implementing in enforcing laws and regulations with a significant degree of discretion (interpretation) and serving as a repository of expert information for the state |
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structure of the bureaucracy |
divisions of policy areas of experienced an expert personnel, the bulk of whom are permanent career members of the bureaucracies of a state |
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function of the bureaucracy |
implementing in enforcing laws and regulations with a significant degree of discretion (interpretation) and serving as a repository of expert information for the state |
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bureaucracies other functions |
interest articulation and aggregation, adjudication, source of policy information, key elements in state performance |
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max weber on the ideal bureaucratic type |
official jurisdictions and regulations for decision-making, formal and specialized training for each position, hierarchical command structure, the decisions on the basis of SOP (Standard operating procedure), career positions based on merit, rationalization (disenchantment of the world) |
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Charles Tilly |
A comparative theorist and exemplar of the bellicist theory; warfare is the critical driver of state building because war demands extraction of resources from the population and complex administrative systems that can be used in things other than war |
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Charles Tilly |
A comparative theorist and exemplar of the bellicist theory; warfare is the critical driver of state building because war demands extraction of resources from the population and complex administrative systems that can be used in things other than war |
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Gorski |
States develop not just because elite Crete organizations, but also because the population becomes increasingly willing to follow their demands; Calvinism, a form of Protestantism, paved morality in Europe |
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Charles Tilly |
A comparative theorist and exemplar of the bellicist theory; warfare is the critical driver of state building because war demands extraction of resources from the population and complex administrative systems that can be used in things other than war |
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Gorski |
States develop not just because elite Crete organizations, but also because the population becomes increasingly willing to follow their demands; Calvinism, a form of Protestantism, paved morality in Europe |
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World society theory |
meyer, boli, thomas, and ramirez; argue that the basic organizational features of the state system are cultural and have diffused globally |
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