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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the kidneys?
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Remove waste, maintain acid-base balance & water-electrolyte balance; keep proteins, electrolytes, water & glucose.
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What does the proximal convoluted tubule do?
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Reabsorption of fluids & electrolytes start here.
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What does the glomerulus do?
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Where the formation of urine begins, a cluster of capillaries.
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What do the collecting tubules do?
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It's where the final concentration of urine is.
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What does the Bowmans (glomerular) capsule do?
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It's an ultra filter, blood passes through & is filtered - proteins & fats are removed by the semipermeable membrane.
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What do the ureters do?
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They are the tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder.
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What does the bladder do?
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It's a storage place for urine until it's expelled from the body.
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What does the distal convoluted tubule do?
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It's where acid/base balance occurs - the final resbsorption of sodium occurs here.
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What does the urethra do?
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It's the tube that transports urine from the bladder to outside the body.
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What does the loop of henle do?
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It reduces the volume of urine while absorbing sodium & chloride.
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Which chemical property helps to identify crystals in the sediment?
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pH
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What is myoglobin in the urine signify?
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Muscle damage
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Bilirubin in the blood gives information regarding the function of which organ?
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Liver
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What can happen to a urine sample if left out overnight?
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Increase pH, RBCs will disintegrate, Glucose decreases.
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What time of day is a urine specimen best taken at?
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Early morning
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What is cystitis?
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Lower urinary tract infection.
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What is pyelonephritis?
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Upper urinary tract infection.
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What crystal has a coffin lid appearance?
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Triple phosphate
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What are 6 acidic crystals?
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Amorphous urates, calcium oxalate, uric acid, tyrosine, leucine, cystine.
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What are 4 alkaline crystals?
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Amorphous phosphates, triple phosphates, ammonium biurates, calcium carbonate.
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Which crystal has a thorny apple appearance?
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Ammonium biurate.
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What power do you use to look for RBCs in urine?
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High power.
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Do you use high or low light when examining urine?
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Low
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What 3 types of epithelial cells can be seen in urine?
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Squamous, transitional and renal.
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Casts & bacteria can help distinguish what?
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Upper of lower urinary tract infections.
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Are a few hyaline casts normal in urine?
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Yes
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What power do you use to look for casts in urine?
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Low power.
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Are triple phosphate crystals normal in healthy cats?
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Yes
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What's the most common epithelial cell found in urine?
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Squamous
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What do rbcs look like in dilute urine samples?
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Swollen
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What do rbcs look like in concentrated urine?
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Crenated
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Which type of epithelial cell looks similar to a WBC?
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Renal, but they have no granular cytoplasm.
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Is it normal to see a small amount of bacteria on a catheriterized sample?
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Yes
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If you find casts in sediment, which organ would it indicate problems with?
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Kidney
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How do you report RBCs?
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average #/high power field
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How do you report WBCs?
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average #/high power field
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How do you report epithelial cells?
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1-10=small/hpf
11-30=moderate/hpf >30=large/hpf |
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How do you report casts?
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average #/lpf
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How do you report crystals?
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1-10=small/hpf
11-30=moderate/hpf >30=large/hpf |
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How do you report bacteria?
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<1/4 field=small/hpf
~1/2 field=moderate/hpf entire field=large/hpf |
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What are the 3 components to a urinalysis?
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Physical, Chemical and microscopic.
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What are the 6 functions of the kidneys?
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Removal of waste products, retention of nutrients, maintain acid base balance, maintain water & electrolyte balance, stimulate RBC production, production of a variety of hormones.
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What needs to be on the urine specimen container?
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Animals name, date, collection type & time of collection.
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In what time frame should a urine specimen be tested within?
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1/2 hour, up to 1 hour.
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What changes can occur in unpreserved urine?
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RBC & WBC disintegrate; casts decompose; glucose, bilirubin, urobilinogen, ketones decrease; pH, bacteria & turbidity increase, the color will change.
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What is urine composed of?
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96% water, 4% dissolved substances.
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What does specific gravity measure?
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The density of urine.
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What does a dipstick test test for?
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pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, specific gravity, leukocytes.
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What is a normal dog/cat pH?
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5.5-7.5
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What is a pH over 7?
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Alkaline
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What's the confirmatory test for protein?
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Extons, or SSA
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What's the confirmatory test for glucose?
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Clinitest
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What's the confirmatory test for ketones?
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Acetest
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What's the confirmatory test for bilirubin?
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Ictotest
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What's the confirmatory test for RBCs?
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Microscopic exam.
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What's the confirmatory test for WBCs?
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Microscopic exam
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What's the confirmatory test for specific gravity?
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Refractometer
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What is pyuria?
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WBCs in the urine.
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What are 5 different types of casts?
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Hyaline, cellular, granular, waxy & fatty.
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