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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What color stopper tube is used for serum?
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Red
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What type of blood samples can be frozen?
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Plasma & serum
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What causes serum/plasma to be milky white?
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Fat
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What causes serum/plasma to be pink/red?
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Lysed RBCs
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What causes serum/plasma to be amber?
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Bilirubin
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What color stoppers do heparinized vacutainer tubes have?
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Green
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What color stoppers do EDTA vacutainer tubes have?
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Purple
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What's the most commonly used anticoagulant tube used in vet med?
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EDTA
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What time frame do you want to evaulate blood morphology in?
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Within 3 hours of collection.
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What can cause hemolysis of blood?
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Freezing the sample, prolonged exposure to heat, forcing sample through small gauge needle.
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What do you need to include on a label for blood collection?
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Date, patient, owner, source.
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What anticoagulant is often used to coat syringes before venipuncture?
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Heparin
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How much blood can you take from a healthy animal at one time?
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10% of total body weight in kgs
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What type of anticoagulant would you want for a CBC?
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EDTA
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What are clot tubes used for?
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Chemistry panel
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What is the non-cellular portion of whole blood after centrifuging?
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Plasma (liquid)
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What is the non-cellular portion of clotted blood after centrifuging?
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Serum
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What do you need to keep away from blood smears?
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Formalin
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What 3 factors can influence your choice of needle size?
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Amount of blood needed, the condition of the vessels & the size of the animal.
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What should you do if you can't get to a blood sample for a chemistry test right away?
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Centrifuge the sample, remove the serum & freeze.
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How long is frozen serum/plasma good for?
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5-6 weeks
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Refrigerated serum/plasma is good for how long?
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5-7 days
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Room temperature serum/plasma is good for how long?
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4-7 hours
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What's the least common granulocyte found in the blood?
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Basophil
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Allergies and internal parasites are most likely to increase the number of what WBC?
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Eosinophil
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Viral infections can cause which condition?
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Lymphocytopenia
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What is the chief phagocyte in the blood?
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Neutrophil
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What's the most common WBC in the blood of dogs & cats?
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Neutrophils
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Emotional stress and bacterial infections can cause what condition?
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Neutrophilia
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What's the largest cell found in the blood and has a lacy appearance?
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Monocyte.
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What 3 things does hemoglobin do?
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Carries O2, contains iron, decreases indicate anemia.
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What cell produces platelets in mammals?
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Megakaryocyte
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What species has nucleated RBC's?
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Birds
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What species has azurophils in their blood?
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Reptiles
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Platelets are called thrombocytes in which species?
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Birds
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What species has the smallest RBC?
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Goats
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What species has a marked rouleaux?
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Horse
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What is a left shift?
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More than 5% bands in the differential.
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How do you tell the difference between an immature cell from a mature one?
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Immatures are bigger than matures.
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What is a fragmented RBC called?
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Schistocyte
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What's a spiculated RBC with many uniform evenly spaced projections?
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Echinocyte
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What is a stomatocyte?
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An RBC that has a mouth slit like for central pallor, seen in dolphins.
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What is basophilic stippling associated with?
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Lead poisoning
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What's a Howell-jolly body?
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A blue, spherical inclusion body in the RBC.
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What is a Dohle body?
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A light blue body in the cytoplasm of toxic neutrophils
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What's a light blue inclusion body that can be due to eating onions?
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Heinz body
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How would dehydration show up on a PCV?
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An increase
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What do platelets look like?
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They are small pale blue with purple granules in the cytoplasm
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What does normal serum/plasma look like?
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It's pale yellow or straw colored.
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Which colored stopper contains no anticoagulant?
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Red or marble top
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What tests are normally included in a CBC?
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WBC count, Diff, RBC morphology, platelet estimate, PCT or HCT, TPP, Hemoglobin
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What power do we use for a WBC estimate?
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40X
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What power do we use for a platelet estimate?
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100X
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When should you perform a second differential?
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More than 2% baso (D or C), more than 10% monos (D), more than 5% monos (C), more than 10% eos (D or C).
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How do you do a WBC estimate?
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40X, count 10 fields & get the ave. # of WBC's/ field X 2000. Reported as est. WBC/ul.
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What 2 methods are used to get an actual WBC count?
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4 or 9 square
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What does the PCV (HCT) do?
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It measures the % of cells or plasma or serum.
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Do you only run one PCV?
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No, done in duplicate and must be w/in 2% to be reportable.
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How is TP measured?
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Using a refractometer.
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What would cause an increased TP?
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A dehydrated animal.
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How do you do a RBC count?
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Done like the 4 sq. WBC count, except you count the middle sq. also.
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How do you calculate a RBC count?
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# of RBC counted within the 5 sq X 10000.
rbc/uL |
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What are normal RBC counts for a dog?
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5.5-8.5 (million/ul)
Avg. 6.8 |
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What are normal RBC counts for a cat?
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5.5-10 (million/ul)
avg. 7.5 |
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What is a normal PCV for a dog?
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37-55 %
Avg. 45.5 |
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What is a normal PCV for a cat?
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24-45%
Avg. 37 |
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What is a normal hemoglobin for a dog?
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12-18 g/dl
Avg. 14.9 |
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What is a normal hemoglobin for a cat?
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8-14g/dl
Avg. 12 |
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What is a normal WBC/ul for a dog?
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6000-18000
Avg. 11000 |
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What is a normal WBC/ul for a cat?
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5500-19500
Avg 12500 |
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What is a normal platelet count for a dog?
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2-5 (nX100000/ul)
Avg. 3.4 |
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What is a normal platelet count for a cat?
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3-9 (nX 100000/ul)
Avg. 4.5 |
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What is a normal TP for a dog?
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4.9-9.0 g/ul
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What is a normal TP for a cat?
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6.2-9.0
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What is a reticulocyte?
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An immature red blood cell, contains granules.
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What is an echinocyte?
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Scalloped, rounded regularly spaced intervals of projections around the cell membrane, precipation artifact.
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What is a Howell-Jolly body?
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Round, with a purple staining granule within the cell (left over piece of nucleus).
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What is a Heinz Body?
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Round, with a purple staining granule on the edge of the cell. Indicative of onion, acetomophine (Tylenol), propelene gylcol toxicity in cats.
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What is anemia?
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A decrease in the amount of functional hemoglobin - pale centers.
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What is anisocytosis?
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An increased variation in the size of the RBC, overall too big or too small.
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What is poikilocytosis?
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An increased variation in the shape of the RBC.
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What is polychromasia?
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RBC's with a bluish tint - indicative of an immature cell, they should still be in the bone marrow.
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What are rouleauxs?
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RBC's arragned in a stacked or rolled appearance, common in horses.
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What is a leptocyte?
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An RBC with a peripheral ring of hemoglobin, a membrane defect - Target cell. Indicative of chronic liver disease.
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What's a schistocyte?
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Fragmented RBCs, associated with severe burn cases.
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What are acanthocytes?
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Spiky projections on the RBC, not an artifact. Associated with hepatic lipidosis and liver disease.
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What are spherocytes?
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RBC with no central pallor, indicative of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA).
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What's a right shift?
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More than 5% of neutraphils that are hypersegmented.
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What is neutrophilia?
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Increase # of neuts - caused by bacterial infection, emotional stimuli & muscular activity.
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What is neutropenia?
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Decrease # of neuts - caused by severe bacterial infections and viral infections.
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What is eosinophilia?
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Increase # of eos - caused by allergies & parasites.
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What is basophilia?
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Increase # of basos - caused by hyperthyroidism & heartworm.
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What is lymphocytosis?
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Increase # of lymphs - caused by certain cancers, adrenaline & common in young animals.
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What is lymphocytopenia?
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Decrease # of lymphs - caused by chronic infections & radiation exposure.
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What is monocytosis?
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Increase # of monos - caused by chronic inflammatory disease & obstructions.
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What can cause anemia?
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Blood loss, hemorrhage, & parasites.
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What is thrombocytosis?
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Increase # of thrombocytes - caused by injury & steroids.
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What is polycythemia?
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Increase # of RBCs - opposite of anemia.
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What is agglutination?
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Irregularly clumped RBCs.
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What is leukocytopenia?
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A decrease in th total number of WBCs.
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What is missing in a cats RBC?
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A central pallor.
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What do RBCs do?
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They deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
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Platelet estimate formula
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Avg # of platelets/10 fields X 15000. 100X
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White blood cell estimate formula
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Avg # of WBC/10 fields X 2000
40X |
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Actual WBC count 4 sq.
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Avg # of WBC/4sq X 50.
Each sq must be w/in 10, each side must be w/in 20 and end in 00 or 50. 10X |
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Actual WBC count 9 sq.
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Avg# of WBC/9sq X 110.
Each side must be w/in 20 and end in 00 or 50. 10X |
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How do you do an activated clotting time?
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Warm an activated clotting tube. Draw up 2cc of blood & invert 5Xs. Warm up in a 98* water bath, check every 5s. Normal clotting time is btwn 60-90sec.
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