Comp Exam Review- Foundational Sciences

Front 1

The fundamental position is used in discussing

Back 1

rotation of the upper extremity

Front 2

First bone in the body to ossify

Back 2

clavicle

Front 3

Connects the clavicle to the humerus

Back 3

scapula

Front 4

The superior angle of the scapula is aligned with what vertebrae? And the inferior?

Back 4

T2, T7

Front 5

The SC joint is a ______ shaped synovial joint

Back 5

saddle

Front 6

The AC joint is a ______ synovial joint

Back 6

plane

Front 7

Stabilizes the AC joint and prevents upward displacement of the humeral head

Back 7

Coracoclavicular ligament

Front 8

Composed of the trapezoid and conoid ligaments

Back 8

CC ligament

Front 9

The coracoclavicular ligament covers the ____________ muscle and may be involved in _____________ syndrome

Back 9

supraspinatus, impingement

Front 10

Separated shoulder injury is associated with which shoulder joint?

Back 10

acromioclavicular joint

Front 11

The GH joint is a ___________ joint

Back 11

multiaxial ball and socket

Front 12

These ligaments act as static restraints of the GH joint to prevent excessive anterior translation

Back 12

superior, middle and inferior GH ligaments

Front 13

RTC muscles

Back 13

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

SITS

Front 14

The RTC muscles insert into the ____ joint capsule

Back 14

GH

Front 15

If static stability of the GH joint is compromised, the asynchronous firing of the RTC muscles may cause

Back 15

subacromial impingement

Front 16

Degrees of elevation at the GH joint (abd,flx)

Back 16

120

Front 17

Degrees of elevation at the scapulothoracic articulation

Back 17

60

Front 18

During the first 90 degs of shoulder abd, the clavicle elevates __________ degrees at the ____ joint

Back 18

35-45, SC

Front 19

Ratio of scapular to humeral motion

Back 19

1:2

Front 20

Full scapular upward rotation requires ______ degrees of __________

Back 20

45-50, clavicular backward rotation

Front 21

The GH joint is protected anteriorly by the ______ muscle

Back 21

subscapularis

Front 22

The _______ and _______ muscles stabilize the GH joint posteriorly

Back 22

infraspinatus and teres minor

Front 23

Primary cause of crutch palsy

Back 23

compression of the radial nerve

Front 24

Winging of the scapula may be caused by injury to what nerve?

Back 24

long thoracic

Front 25

Most frequently fractured sites of the humerus

Back 25

surgical neck

Front 26

The __________________ ligament provides lateral stability to the radiohumeral joint

Back 26

radial collateral (LCL)

Front 27

The ___________________ ligament stabilizes the ulnohumeral joint

Back 27

ulnar collateral (MCL)

Front 28

The superior radioulnar joint is stabilized by the ___________ ligament

Back 28

annular

Front 29

Stabilizes the elbow during pushing movement

Back 29

interosseous membrane

Front 30

Resists distal displacement of the radius during pulling movements

Back 30

oblique cord

Front 31

Flexes the elbow and stabilizes sup/pron durins STRONG RESISTANCE

Back 31

brachioradialis

Front 32

Flexes the elbow with forearm supination and when lifting loads of >2 lbs

Back 32

Biceps brachii

Front 33

Main elbow flexor muscle

Back 33

Brachialis

Front 34

________ is the main elbow extensor, with _________ providing stabilization for supination/pronation

Back 34

Triceps, Anconeus

Front 35

The ______ and ___________ facilitate elbow extension in closed chain movements

Back 35

Pec major, anterior deltoid

Front 36

The biceps performs supination when the elbow is

Back 36

flexed 90 degrees

Front 37

Occlusion or laceration of the brachial artery can result in associated ischemia of the deep flexor muscles of the forearm, causing a

Back 37

Volkmann;s ischemic contracture permanently shortening the involved muscles

Front 38

A fall in an outstretched hand (FOOSH) is commonly associated with what type of fracture?

Back 38

Colles fx

Front 39

CTS is caused by compression of the _________ nerve under the __________________________

Back 39

median, flexor retinaculum

Front 40

Most commonly fractured carpal bone, poor vascularity

Back 40

scaphoid

Front 41

The mid carpal joints are stabilized by

Back 41

dorsal and palmar ligaments

Front 42

The intercarpal joints are stabilized by

Back 42

dorsal, palmar and interosseous ligaments

Front 43

Most active muscle in grasping

Back 43

ECRB

Front 44

3 muscles that provide wrist dynamic stability

Back 44

ECU, EPB, APL

Front 45

Major wrist flexors

Back 45

FCR (main), FCU

Front 46

A supracondylar fx of the elbow can cause damage to the _____________ in the cubital fossa

Back 46

radial artery

Front 47

Women are more prone to hip fracture than men due to

Back 47

postmenopausal osteoporosis

Front 48

This ligament resists extension at the hip joint

Back 48

Iliofemoral "Y" ligament

Front 49

The pubofemoral ligament resists

Back 49

abduction

Front 50

The ischiofemoral ligament resists

Back 50

extension and IR

Front 51

Normal degrees of anteversion

Back 51

15

Front 52

Excessive anteversion will position the LE in

Back 52

IR

Front 53

Excessive retroversion will position the LE in

Back 53

ER

Front 54

Main hip flexor

Back 54

Iliopsoas

Front 55

Primary hip extensors

Back 55

gluteus maximus
hamstrings

Front 56

Primary hip abductors

Back 56

gluteus medius
gluteus minimus

Front 57

Primary hip adductors

Back 57

Adductor magnus, brevis and magnus

Front 58

Primary hip internal rotators

Back 58

Anterior fibers of gluteus medius and minimus

Front 59

Primary hip external rotators

Back 59

Obturator externus
Quadratus femoris

Front 60

Largest nerve in the body

Back 60

sciatic

Front 61

Entrapment of the sciatic nerve at the buttock area

Back 61

piriformis syndrome

Front 62

Located in the femoral triangle, provides chief blood supply to the lower limb

Back 62

femoral artery

Front 63

Largest sesamoid bone in the body

Back 63

patella

Front 64

The tibiofemoral joint is a _________ joint

Back 64

modified hinge

Front 65

Ligaments that provide static knee stability

Back 65

MCL, LCL, ACL, PCL

Front 66

Stabilize the knee in the anterior-posterior and rotational planes of mvmt. and remain taut during knee ROM

Back 66

cruciate ligaments

Front 67

Tendon support for the patellofemoral joint

Back 67

Quads tendon superiorly
Vastus medialis and lateralis tendons
ITB laterally

Front 68

The ________ meniscus is most commonly torn

Back 68

medial

Front 69

Why is healing of the menisci limited?

Back 69

Reduced circulation, poor vascularity

Front 70

rupture of this ligament can occur with a lateral blow to the knee and is commonly associated with rupture of the _____ meniscus and tearing of the ______ ligament

Back 70

MCL, medial, ACL

Front 71

Strongest knee ligament

Back 71

PCL

Front 72

Most commonly injured knee ligament, taut during knee ext

Back 72

ACL

Front 73

Muscle that resists lateral displacement of the patella out of the trochlear groove during CC activities

Back 73

VMO

Front 74

Poor VMO activation or tightness of the ITB can lead to

Back 74

patellofemoral syndrome

Front 75

The most stress from the Quads on the ACL occurs

Back 75

from 45 to 0 degrees of extension

Front 76

Internally rotates the tibia and retract the medial meniscus

Back 76

semimembranosus

Front 77

Externally rotates the tibia

Back 77

biceps femoris

Front 78

Can occur from severe tibial torsion during a skiing accident

Back 78

spiral fx of the tibia

Front 79

Tibial fxs can take up to ________ to heal due to its poor blood supply

Back 79

6 months

Front 80

Talus articulates with

Back 80

tibia, fibula, navicular bones and calcaneus

Front 81

Largest bone of the foot and first to ossify

Back 81

calcaneus

Front 82

Articulates with the cuboid anteriorly

Back 82

calcaneus

Front 83

Peroneus brevis tendon inserts into

Back 83

the 5th metatarsal tuberosity

Front 84

The distal tibiofibular joint is a ______________ joint that is stabilized by the _____________ ligaments

Back 84

syndesmosis

inferior transverse, interosseous, anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

Front 85

Trimalleolar fx includes fxs in

Back 85

both malleoli and inferior tibia

Front 86

The talocrural joint is a ____________________ joint formed by the

Back 86

single uniaxial modified hinge joint

tibia, fibula and talus

Front 87

Ligaments that support the talocrural joint

Back 87

deltoid, calcaneofibular, anterior and posterior talofibular

Front 88

Most frequently injured major articulation in the body

Back 88

ankle joint

Front 89

Most common injury of the ankle

Back 89

inversion sprain to the lateral ligaments

Front 90

The subtalar joint is formed by

Back 90

the talus and calcaneus

Front 91

Ligaments that support the subtalar joint

Back 91

Medial and lateral collateral
Posterior and lateral talocalcaneal
Interosseous talocalcaneal

Front 92

Midfoot joints

Back 92

calcaneocuboid
talonavicular
naviculocuboid
naviculocuneiform
intercuneiform joints

Front 93

The calcaneocuboid joint is a ______________ joint

Back 93

saddle-shaped

Front 94

The talonavicular joint is a _____________ joint

Back 94

ball and socket

Front 95

Ligaments supporting the calcaneocuboid and talonavicular joints

Back 95

deltoid
dorsal talonavicular
calcaneonavicular
calcaneocuboid

Front 96

The joints between the cuneiforms and the cuboid and navicular bones are

Back 96

plane synovial

Front 97

The TMT and IMT joints are

Back 97

plane synovial

Front 98

The MTP joints are

Back 98

condyloid synovial joints

Front 99

Open chain pronation consists of

Back 99

eversion, dorsiflexion and abduction of the calcaneus

Front 100

Closed chain pronation consists of

Back 100

eversion, plantarflexion and adduction of the talus on the calcaneus

Front 101

This joint allows for tibial rotation during the gait cycle

Back 101

subtalar

Front 102

Ligament that supports the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot

Back 102

long plantar ligament

Front 103

Essential to palpate this pulse to r/o possible intermittent claudication

Back 103

dorsalis pedis

Front 104

The medial arch of the foot is statically supported by the

Back 104

calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

Front 105

Cervical vertebra that does not have a spinous process

Back 105

C1-Atlas

Front 106

Vertebra prominens

Back 106

C7

Front 107

From ___ down, the bodies of the vertebrae become increasingly larger to support the body weight

Back 107

T4

Front 108

Compression of the anterior body of the vertebra can cause a _______________, in which a triangular fragment is split from the vertebral body anteriorly.

Back 108

teardrop fx

Front 109

The facet joints are ___________ joints

Back 109

plane synovial

Front 110

Ligament that covers and connects the anterior aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

Back 110

anterior longitudinal

Front 111

The ___________-connects the laminae of adjacent vertebral arches

Back 111

ligamenta flava

Front 112

The broad-band anterior longitudinal ligament prevents ____________ and supports _______________

Back 112

hyperextension, the discs

Front 113

The narrower, weaker posterior ligament of the spine prevents _________________

Back 113

hyperflexion and posterior protrusion of the nucleus pulposus

Front 114

These ligaments provide structural support to the L spine and connect the sacrum and ilium to the L spine

Back 114

Iliolumbar ligaments

Front 115

Dysfunction of the SI joint may influence the structure and function of the _____________ vertebrae

Back 115

L4, 5

Front 116

The back intermediate muscles are

Back 116

respiratory muscles

Front 117

The deep layer of the intrinsic back muscles is composed of

Back 117

splenius cervicis and capitis

Front 118

3 vertical columns of the erector spinae

Back 118

iliocostalis (lateral)
longissimus (intermediate)
spinalis (medial)

Front 119

Known as the transversospinal muscles, they are the deep layer of the back intrinsic muscles

Back 119

semispinalis, multifidus and rotatores

Front 120

The ___________________ muscles are commonly involved in back strain injuries

Back 120

erector spinae

Front 121

The thyroid cartilage is located at the level of

Back 121

C4-5

Front 122

The hyoid bone lies superior to the thyroid cartilage at the level of

Back 122

C3

Front 123

Absence of a carotid pulse indicates

Back 123

cardiac arrest

Front 124

The vertebral arteries branch off from the ______________ and ascend vertically through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae into the brain at the level of the __________________

Back 124

subclavian artery

foramen magnum

Front 125

These muscles elevate the mandible for the biting movement

Back 125

Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid

Front 126

Mandibular depression occurs primarily by

Back 126

gravity

Front 127

Mastication and sensory nerve for the head.

Back 127

Trigeminal V

Front 128

The crest of the ilium is at the level of

Back 128

L4

Front 129

The xiphoid process is at the level of

Back 129

T7

Front 130

The PSIS is at the level of

Back 130

S2

Front 131

The type I red oxidative muscle fibers are ______ twitch fibers

Back 131

slow

Front 132

The type II white glycolytic muscle fibers are _____ twitch fibers

Back 132

fast

Front 133

Fibers are larger and are used for activities that require speed, strength and power

Back 133

Fast twitch, type II

Front 134

Anaerobic fibers

Back 134

Type II, fast twitch

Front 135

Fibers that contract slowly and allow for endurance activities, aerobic

Back 135

Type I, slow twitch

Front 136

Type II fibers are more common in _________ muscles

Back 136

flexor

Front 137

Normal step width in adults

Back 137

2-4 inches

Front 138

An indolent wound is related to a

Back 138

venous insufficiency ulcer

Front 139

Can cause HIV to progress to full-blown AIDS

Back 139

reduction in T cells (<250) and a high viral load