Comn 160 Final Exam: Ch. 14

Front 1

Democracy

Back 1

government by the people

Front 2

Libertarianism

Back 2

philosophy of the press that asserts that good and rational people can tell right from wrong if presented with full and free access to information; therefore, censorship is unneccessary

Front 3

Self-Righting Principle

Back 3

John Milton's articulation of libertarianism

Front 4

Absolutist Position

Back 4

regarding the First Amendment, the idea that no law means no law

Front 5

Ad Hoc Balancing of Interests

Back 5

in individual First Amendment cases, several factors should be weighted in determining how much freedom the press is granted

Front 6

Libel

Back 6

the false and malicious publication of material that damages a person's reputation (typically applied to print media)

Front 7

Slander

Back 7

oral or spoken defamation of a person's character (typically applied to broadcasting)

Front 8

Actual Malice

Back 8

the standard for libel in coverage of public figures consisting of "knowledge of its falsity" or "reckless disregard" for whether or not it is true

Front 9

Prior Restraint

Back 9

power of the government to prevent publication or broadcast of expression

Front 10

Obscenity

Back 10

unprotected expression determined by (1) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest, (2) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law, and (3) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary artistic, political, or scientific value

Front 11

Pornography

Back 11

expression calculated solely to supply sexual excitement

Front 12

Indecency

Back 12

in broadcasting, language or material that depicts sexual or excretory activities in a way offensive to contemporary community standards

Front 13

Traffic Cop Analogy

Back 13

in broadcast regulation, the idea that the FCC, as a traffic cop, has the right to control not only the flow of broadcast traffic, but its composition as well

Front 14

Fairness Doctrine

Back 14

requires broadcasters to cover issues of public importance and to be fair in that coverage; abolished in 1987

Front 15

Ascertainment

Back 15

requires broadcasters to ascertain or actively and affirmatively determine the nature of their audiences' interest, convenience, and necessity; no longer enforced

Front 16

Public Domain

Back 16

in copyright law, the use of material without permission once the copyright expires

Front 17

Music Licensing Company

Back 17

an organization that collects fees based on recorded music users' gross receipts and distributes the money to songwriters and artists

Front 18

Digital Rights Management (DRM)

Back 18

protection of digitally distributed intellectual property

Front 19

Normative Theory

Back 19

an idea that explains how media should ideally operate in a given system of social values

Front 20

Social Responsibility Theory

Back 20

normative theory or model asserting that media must remain free of government control but, in exchange, must serve the public

Front 21

Ethics

Back 21

rules of behavior or moral principles that guide actions in given situations

Front 22

Metaethics

Back 22

examination of a culture's understanding of its fundamental values

Front 23

Normative Ethics

Back 23

generalized theories, rules, and principles of ethical or moral behavior

Front 24

Applied Ethics

Back 24

the application of metaethics and normative ethics to very specific situations

Front 25

Moral Agent

Back 25

in an ethical dilemma, the person making the decision

Front 26

Confidentiality

Back 26

the ability of media professionals to keep secret the names of people who provide them with information

Front 27

Shield Laws

Back 27

legislation that expressly protects reporters' rights to maintain sources' confidentiality in courts of law

Front 28

Embedding

Back 28

war correspondents exchanging control of their output for access to the front

Front 29

Access Journalism

Back 29

reporters acting deferentially toward news sources in order to ensure continued access

Front 30

Standards and Practices Department

Back 30

the internal content review operation of a television network

Front 31

Policy Book

Back 31

delineates standards of operation for local broadcasters

Front 32

Operating Policy

Back 32

spells out standards for everyday operations for newspapers and magazines

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Editorial Policy

Back 33

newspapers' and magazines' positions on certain specific issues

Front 34

Ombudsman

Back 34

internal arbiter of performance for media organizations

Front 35

Media Councils

Back 35

panels of people from both the media and the public who investigate complaints against the media and publish their findings

Front 36

Democracy

Back 36

governance by the people

Front 37

Libertarianism

Back 37

based on John Milton's self-righting principle