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130 Cards in this Set
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nurses with advanced education beyond the baccalaureate degree who are prepared to manage and deliver health care services to individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations; includes clinical nurse specialists, nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, nurse anesthetists, and others.
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Advanced Practice Nurses
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A division of the US Department of HEalth and Human Sevices, whose mission is to support research designed to improve the outcomes and quality of health care, reduce its costs, address patient safety and medical errors, and broaden access to services. formerly known as the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
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Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
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the national professional association of registered nurses in the US, founded in 1896
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American Nurses Association
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a predetermined amount of money based on previous spending and availability of funds that is given to a state by the federal government for designated purposes such as state health care programs.
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block grants
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a group created in each state by legislation knonw as a state practice act. The board is made up of nurses and consumers who operationalize, implement, and enforce the statutory law by writing explicit statements (rules) regarding nursing and nursing practice
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board of nursing
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federal, state, or local funds used to conduct a specific program such as TB screening, HIV/AIDS home care, or prenatal care. The money cannot be used for any other program or purpose.
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Categorical programs/funding
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branch of law dealing with organization and function of government
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constitutional law
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the process of shifting, planning, delivering, and financing responsibility for programs from the federal to the state level
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devolution
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public policy that affects health and health services. Delineates options from which individuals and organizations make their health-related choices. Made within a political context.
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health policy
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law based on court or jury decisions
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judicial law
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bills introduced by Congress for the purpose of establishing laws that direct policy
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legislation
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an individual or groups of individuals who perform duties such as research and writing, which helps the legislator move policy ideas through the legislative process and into law.
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legislative staff
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legal sanction to practice a profession after attaining the minimum degree of competence to ensure protection of public health and safety
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licensure
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one of the National Institutes of Health charged with promoting the growth and quality of research in nursing
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National Institute of Nursing Research
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state law that governs the practice of nursing
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nurse practice act
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federal agency charged with improving worker health and safety by establishing standards and regulations and by educating workers
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Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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an office of the executive branch designed to protect citizens from terrorist threats or attacks including bioterrorism
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Office of Homeland Security
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states' power to act to protect health, safety, and welfare of their citizens
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police power
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settled course of action to be followed by a government or institution to obtain a desired end
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policy
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the art of influencing others to accept a specific course or action
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politics
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specific statement of law that relates to and clarifies individual pieces of legislation
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regulation
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a regulatory agency of the executive branch of government charged with overseeing health and welfare needs of US citizens.
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US department of health and human services
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an arm of the UN that provides worldwide services to promote health
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World Health Organization
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a payment system whereby one fee is charged the client to pay for all services received or needed.
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capitation
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persons enrolled in a health care plan who are eligible for services under that plan
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covered lives
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a patient classification scheme that defines 468 illness categories and the corresponding health care services that are reimbursable under Medicare
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diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)
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social science concerned with the problems of using or administering scarce resources in the most efficient way to attain maximum fulfilment of society's unlimited wants
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economics
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a measure of an organization's performance as compared with its philosophy, goals, and objectives
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effectiveness
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the process of meeting goals in a way that minimizes costs and maximizes benefits
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efficiency
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the act of shielding or preventing the addict from experiencing the consequences of the addiction. also applies to shielding individuals from the consequences of their actions more generally
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enabling
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list of health care services with monetary or unit values attached that specifies the amounts third parties must pay for specific services
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fee-for-service
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a statistical measure used to compare health care spending among countries
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gross domestic product (GDP)
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a method to reduce health care costs by controlling the use of health care services and technologies
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health care rationing
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branch of economics concerned with the problems of producing and distributing the health care resources of the nation in a way that provides maximum benefit to the most people
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health economics
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a sustained upward trend in the prices of goods and services
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inflation
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the use of technologies, supplies, and health care services by or for the client
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intensity
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a method of organizing a number of different health care services together along a continuum of care, for example, from physician's office, to hospital, to home health, to nursing home. The client pays for services through an insurance plan.
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Managed care
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a method used to access whether a client's income level qualifies him or her for Medicare/Medicaid
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means testing
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a jointly sponsored state and federal program that pays for medical services for the aged, poor, blind, disabled, and families with dependent children.
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Medicaid
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the set of techniques, drugs, equipment, and procedures used by health care professions in delivery of medical care to individuals
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medical technology
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a federally funded health insurance program for the elderly and disabled and persons with end-stage renal disease.
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Medicare
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the diagnosis-related group payment mechanism for reimbursing hospitals for inpatient health care services through medicare.
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prospective payment system (PPS)
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method of payment to an agency based on units of service delivered
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retrospective reimbursement
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those community providers who offer services to the uninsured and underinsured
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safety net providers
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reimbursement made to health care providers by an agency other than the client for the care of the client (eg insurance companies, governments, employers)
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third-party-payer
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systematic registration of acute, chronic, and contagious diseases
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case register
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a summary of the health features of a community that enables us to determine health care delivery needs
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community health index
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provision of information through formal means, such as criteria, measurement. and statistics, for making rational judgments about outcomes of care
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evaluation
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examination of the level of client and provider satisfaction with a program
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evaluation of program effectiveness
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an ongoing evaluation instituted for the purpose of assessing the degree to which objectives are met or activities are being conducted
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formative evaluation
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five-step process of formulating a plan, conceptualizing, detailing, evaluating, and implementing.
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health program planning
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systematic appraisal of type, depth, and scope of problems as perceived by clients, health providers, or both
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needs assessment
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a change in client health status as a result of care or program implementation
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outcome
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a systematic approach to selecting and carrying out a series of actions to achieve a goal
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planning process
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a health care services designed to meet identified health care needs of clients
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program
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collection of methods, skills, and activiites necessary to determine whether a service is needed, likely to be used, conducted as planned, and actually helps people
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program evaluation
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a proces by which client needs, specific provider strengths, and agency and community resources are successfully matched to offer a service to the community
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strategic planning
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a method used to assess program outcomes or as a follow-up of the results of program activities
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summative evaluation
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causative factor invading a susceptible host through an environment favorable to produce disease, examples are bilogical or chemical.
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agent
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a form of epidemiology that investigates causes and associations between factors or events and health
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analytic epidemiology
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a type of incidence rate defined as the proportion of persons exposed to an agent who develop the disease, usually for a limited time in a specific population
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attack rate
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in determining causality, a systematic error b/c of the way the study is designed, how it was carried out, or some unplanned events that occurred and affected the study
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bias
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an epidemiologic study design in which subjects with a specified disease or condition (cases) and a comparable group without the condition (controls) are enrolled and assessed for the presence or history of an exposure or characteristic
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case-control study
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proportion of persons diagnosed with a specific disorde who die within a specified time
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case fatality rate
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using statistics to determine if a relationship exists between two or more factors or events
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causality
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an epidemiologic study design in which subjects without an outcome of interest are classified according to past or present (or future) exposures or characteristics and followed over time to observe and compare the rates of some health outcome in the various exposure groups
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cohort study
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a bias that results from the relation of both the outcome and study factor (exposure characteristic) with some third factor not accounted
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confounding
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an epidemiologic study in which health outcomes and exposures or characteristics of interest are simultaneously ascertined and examined for association in a population or sample, providing a picture of existing levels of all factors
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cross-sectional study
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a form of epidemiology that describes a disease according to its person, place, or time
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descriptive epidemiology
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factors that influence the risk for or distribution of health outcomes
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determinants
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pattern of a health outcome in a population; the frequencies of the outcome according to various personal characteristics, geographica regions, and time
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distribution
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all factors internal and external to a client that constitute the context in which the client lives and that influence and are influenced by the host and agent-host interactions
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environment
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a rate of disease clearly in excess of the usual or expected frequency in that population
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epidemic
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study of the distribution and factors that determine health-related states or events in a population, and the use of this information to control health problems
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epidemiology
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human or animal that provides adequate living conditions for any given infections agent
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host
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the proportion of the population at risk who experienve the event over some period of time
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incidence proportion
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the frequency or rate of new cases of an outcome in a population; provides an estimate of the risk of disease in that population over the period of observation
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incidence rate
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a three-level model of interventions based on the stages of disease, designed to halt or reverse the process of pathological change as early as possible, thereby preventing damage.
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levels of prevention
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a form of epidemiology that describes a disease according to its person, place, or time
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descriptive epidemiology
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factors that influence the risk for or distribution of health outcomes
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determinants
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pattern of a health outcome in a population; the frequencies of the outcome according to various personal characteristics, geographica regions, and time
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distribution
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all factors internal and external to a client that constitute the context in which the client lives and that influence and are influenced by the host and agent-host interactions
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environment
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a rate of disease clearly in excess of the usual or expected frequency in that population
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epidemic
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study of the distribution and factors that determine health-related states or events in a population, and the use of this information to control health problems
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epidemiology
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human or animal that provides adequate living conditions for any given infections agent
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host
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the proportion of the population at risk who experienve the event over some period of time
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incidence proportion
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the frequency or rate of new cases of an outcome in a population; provides an estimate of the risk of disease in that population over the period of observation
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incidence rate
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a three-level model of interventions based on the stages of disease, designed to halt or reverse the process of pathological change as early as possible, thereby preventing damage.
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levels of prevention
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course or progression of a disease process from onset to resolution
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natural history of disease
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proportion of persons with a negative test who are disease-free
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negative predictive value
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a concentration in space and time of a disease event, such that a graph of frequency of causes over time shows a sharp point, usually suggestive of a common exposure
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point epidemic
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the proportion of persons with a positive screening or diagnostic test who do not have the disease (the proportion of "true positives" among all who test positive)
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positive predictive value
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a measure of existing disease in a population at a given time
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prevalence proportion
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a type of intervention that seeks to promote health and prevent disease from the beginning
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primary prevention
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a type of ratio in which the denominator includes the numerator
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proportion
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the proportion of all deaths due to a specific cause
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proportionate mortality ratio
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a measure of the frequency of a health event in a defined population during a specific period
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rate
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the precision of a measuring instrument, which depends on its consistency from one time of use to another, and its accuracy
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reliablity
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the probablity of some event or outcome wihtin a specific period
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risk
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application of a test to people who are as yet asymptomatic for the purpose of classifying them with respect to their liklihood of having a particular disease
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screening
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intervention that seeks to detect disease early in its progression (early pathogenesis) before clinical signs and symptoms become apparent in order to make an early diagnosis and begin treatment
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secondary prevention
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long-term patterns of morbidity or mortality (ie over years ordecades)
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secular trends
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the extent to which a test identifies those individuals who have the condition being examined
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sensitivity
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the extent to which a test identifies those individual who do not have the disease or condition being examined
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specificity
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systematic and ongoing observation and collection of data concerning disease occurrence in order to describe phenomena and detect changes in frequency or distribution
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surveillance
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intervention that begins once the disease is obvious; the aim is to interrupt the course of the disease, reduce the amount of disability that might occur, and begin rehabilitation
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tertiary prevention
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the accuracy of a test of measurement; how closely it meawures what it claims to measure. In a screening test, it is assessed in terms of the probability of correctly classifying an individual with regard to the disease or outcome of interest, usually in terms of sensitivity and specificity
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validity
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complex interrelations of factors interacting with each other to influence the risk for or distribution of health outcomes
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web of causality
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can affect the immune and central nervous system and cause infections and cancers. It is caused by HIV.
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AIDS
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sexually transmitted which causes infection of the urethra and cervix. Infections may be asymptomatic and if untreated result in severe morbidity. disease caused by the organism Chlamydia trachomatis/
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Chlamydia
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a system of providing medications for persons with tuberculosis infection; in which the client is monitored for taking the medication to maximize adherence to the treatment
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directly observed therapy (DOT)
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a virus that attacks the genitals and sacral nerve. Infection is characterized by painful lesions that present as vesicles and progress to ulcerations on the male and female genitals, buttocks, and upper thighs
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genital herpes
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cauliflower-type growths that are caused by human papillomavirus
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genital warts
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a STD resulting in inflammation of the urethra and cervix, dysuria, or may result in no symptoms. Caused by a bactieria (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
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gonorrhea
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a virus that is transmitted by fecal-oral route. The clinical course ranges from mild to severe and often requires prolonged convalescence. Onset is usually acute with fever, nausa, lack of appetite, malaise, and abdominal discomfort, followed after several days, by jaundice
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hepatitis A
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a virus that is transmitted through exposure to body fluids. Infection results in a clinical picture that ranges from a self- limited acute infection to fluminant hepatitis or hepatic carcinoma, possibly leading to death
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hepatits B virus
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a virus that is transmitted through exposure to blood and body fluids. Infection may be present with such mild symptoms that it goes unrecognized. Is the most common chronic blood-bore infection in the US
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Hepatitis C virus
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a laboratory procedure that detects antibody to a certain virus. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the test commonly used in screening for the antibody; the Western blot is used as a confirmatory test.
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HIV antibody test
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a sexually transmitted disease that results in genital warts that grow in the vulva, vagina, cervix, urinary meatus, scrotum, or perianal area. A link exists between this and cancer.
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HPV
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in epidemiology, the number of new cases of infection or disease that occur in a defined population in a specific period of time
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incidence
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time interval beginning with invasion by an infectious agent and continuint until the organism multiplies to sufficient numbers to produce a host reaction and clinical symptoms
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incubation period
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includes IV and subQ drug injection
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Injection drug use
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inflammation of the urethra from microorganisms other than neisseria gonorrheae; chlamydia trachomatis has been implicated as the cause of 50% of cases
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nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)
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identifying and locating contacts of persons who have been diagnosed with a transmissible disease to notify them of exposure and encourage them to seek medical treatment
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partner notification
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infection of the female reproductive organs, specifically the fallopian tubes and endometrium, resulting in infertility and/or ectopic pregnancy. Acute symptoms and signs include lower abdominal pain, increased vaginal discharge, urinary frequency, vomiting, and fever. results from untreated gonorrhea or chlamydia
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pelvic inflammatory disease
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transmission of HIV from the mother to the fetus or infant during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding
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perinatal HIV transmission
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the number or percentage of persons in a given population with a disease or condition at a given point in time; also the proportion of existing cases of health outcome in a population at a particular time
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prevalence
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communicable diseases such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HIV that can be transmitted by sexual activity
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STDs
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an infectious STD caused by a bacterium, Treponema pallidum, characterized by the appearance of lesions or chancres that may involve any tissue. Relapses are frequent, and after the initial chancre and secondary symptoms, it may exist without symptoms for years.
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syphilis
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an infectious disease caused by a bacterium. It is transmitted by airborne droplets, resulting in pulmonary symptoms and wasting. Infection can be latent and asymptomatic, later progressing to active infection.
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Tuberculosis
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