Community Quiz 2

Front 1

Wheel Model of Epidemiology

Back 1

(Genetic material)-> Host) -> Environment.
Looks at interactions between genetic and environmental factors (social, biological, physical)

Front 2

Incidence Rate

Back 2

New cases in a population
(# of new cases in P @ specific Time)/ (Total P) x 1000 = _____ incidences per 1000

Front 3

Prevalence Rate

Back 3

Existing disease in a population at a particular time
(# of cases in the population at a specific Time)/ Population total x 1000= ______ cases per 1000

Front 4

Attack Rate

Back 4

Number of people at risk who develop a certain disease/ total # of people at risk

Front 5

Primary Prevention

Back 5

Actions that 1)foster healthful lifestyles & safe environments. 2) Actions aimed at reducing the risk of specific protection.
ex. immunizations, hand hygiene, universal precaution, condoms, proper food handling and storage

Front 6

Secondary Prevention

Back 6

DETECT & TREAT
Screening, treat post-exposure infections (Hep A, rabies), quarantine, reporting disease

Front 7

Tertiary Prevention

Back 7

Decrease complications and disabilities due to infectious disease through treatment and rehab.
Ex. Monitor treatment compliance, prevent reinfection, identify community resources.
Ensure cured & Maintain QoL

Front 8

Cross-sectional Study

Back 8

examine relationships between potential causal factors and disease at a specific time. Surveys that simultaneously collect information about risk factors and disease exemplify this design. (can find prevalence)
Adv.: large scale & low cost

Front 9

Experimental Study

Back 9

Epidemiological investigations apply experimental methods to test treatment and prevention strategies. The investigator randomly assigns subjects at risk for a particular disease to an experimental or a control group. The investigator observes both groups for the occurrence of disease over time, but only the experimental group receives intervention.
ex. rat anthelmintics trials

Front 10

Prospective Study

Back 10

Monitor a group of disease-free individuals to determine if and when disease occurs. These individuals or cohort, share a common experience within a defined time period.

Front 11

Retrospective Study

Back 11

Retrospective studies compare individuals with a particular condition or disease wht those who do not have the disease. These studies determine whether cases or a diseased group, differ in their exposure to a specific factor or characteristic relative to controls or a non diseased group.

Front 12

Mortality Rate

Back 12

The measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.

Front 13

Morbidity Rate

Back 13

The two principal types of morbidity rates or rates of illness, in public health are incidence rates and prevalence rates.

Front 14

Vital Statistics

Back 14

the official registration records of births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and adoptions. When compared with previous years, vital statistics provide indicators of population growth or reduction. In addition to supplying information about the number of births and deaths, registration certificates record the cause of death,which is useful in determining the morbidity and mortality trends.

Front 15

Active Immunity

Back 15

A type of acquired immunity that results from administration of an antigen and production of an antibody by the host. Ex. Immunizations

Front 16

Natural Immunity

Back 16

An innate resistance to a specific antigen or toxin
Active: natural contact and infection with an antigen
Passive: natural contact with antibody transplacentally or through colostrum and breast milk

Front 17

Passive Immunity

Back 17

is the temporary resistance that has been donated to the host through transfusions of plasma proteins, immunoglobulins, or antitoxins, or transplacentally, from mother to neonate. Passive immunity lasts only as long as these substances remain in the bloodstream.

Front 18

Primary vaccine failure

Back 18

is the failure of a vaccine to stimulate any immune response. It can be caused by improper storage that may render the vaccines ineffective, improper administration route, or exposure of light-sensitive vaccines to light. Additionally, some immunized persons never seroconvert, either because of failure of their own immune system or for some other unknown reason

Front 19

Secondary vaccine failure

Back 19

is the waning of immunity following an initial immune response. This often occurs in immunosuppressed patients and organ transplant patients in whom the immune memory is essentially destroyed