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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health |
A state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being and not merely the absence of disease.
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Public health |
The health status of a defined group of people and the governmental actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health |
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SES |
Socioeconomic status |
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The point of entry to the healthcare system for most of us |
The family doctor |
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The point of entry to the healthcare system for the economically disadvantaged |
The emergency room |
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Herd immunity |
The more who are immunized, the more the community is protected |
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Code of Hammurabi |
Maybe the earliest written record concerning public health 3900 years ago |
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Middle Ages |
The Spiritual Era of Public Health Monasticism |
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1796 Edward Jenner |
Vaccination as a protection against smallpox |
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1798 Marine Hospital Service |
Formed to deal with disease occurring on ships Later: The Public Health Service |
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1850 Lemuel Shattuck |
Wrote a health report for the state of Massachusetts Outlined health needs for the state Marks the beginning of the Modern Era of Public Health |
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1862 Louis Pasteur |
Proposed the germ theory |
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When was the American Public Health Association founded? |
1872 |
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When did the pasteurization of milk begin? |
1890 |
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The reform phase of public health |
1900-1920 Pure Food & Drug Act - 1906 The Jungle - Upton Sinclair |
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The first national volunteer association |
Formed in 1902 For the study and prevention of tuberculosis |
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Renaming of the Marine Hospital Service |
1902: Public Health Service & Marine Hospital Service 1912: U.S. Public Health Service |
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1930s |
1933 - FDR's New Deal 1935 - Social Security Act 1937 - National Cancer Institute |
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Hill-Burton Act |
1946 National Hospital Survey and Construction Act |
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Diseases unknown 30 + years ago |
West Nile virus AIDS Toxic shock syndrome Lyme disease Avian flu MERS |
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How are government health agencies funded? |
Taxes |
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WHO location and date of beginning |
Geneva, Switzerland April 7, 1948 April 7: World Health Day |
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Smallpox |
WHO helped eradicate 1977 - last known case in Somalia |
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DHHS |
Department of Health and Human Services |
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Heads of local health departments/agencies |
Physicians (STATE) Dentists Veterinarians MPH/DPH |
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Health departments |
State County Local/city |
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Quasi-government health organizations |
ARC - Clara Barton 1881 - Congress chartered 1900
NSF - chartered in 1863
NAS - advisor to the government |
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How are nongovernment agencies funded? |
By private donations and membership dues |
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3 levels of volunteer health agencies |
National State Local |
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Austin-Bailey |
Health and wellness foundation Holmes, Stark, Tuscarawas, Wayne counties |
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Ford Foundation |
Family planning |
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Robert Wood Johnson |
To improve access to medical and dental care |
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Henry J. Kaiser Family |
Supports development of health maintenance organizations and community health planning |
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Shriners |
Children's hospitals |
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Lions |
Pilot dogs and services for visually impaired |
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Religious organizations especially known for |
Delivering health messages to poor/African Americans in inner cities |
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Corporate involvement in community health |
Driven by the desire to minimize the cost of health care |
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Epidemiology |
Population medicine |
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Epidemic |
A large number of cases of diseases/illnesses in a particular place/time |
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Endemic |
Disease that occurs regularly within a population |
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Epizootiologist |
Studies disease outbreaks in animal populations |
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Epizoodemic |
When both animals and humans are involved in a disease outbreak |
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Pandemic |
Outbreak of a disease over a wide geographical area |
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John Snow |
Cholera outbreak in London (started in 1849) 1854: removed pump handle |
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Acute diseases |
These diseases peak in severity of symptoms and then subside within days or weeks Colds Flu Chicken pox |
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Chronic diseases |
Usually last 3 months or longer Arthritis Heart disease Cancer Diabtes |
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Crude birth and death rates |
The number per 1000 in a population in a given period of time
Death rate - higher in aging/older populations |
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AHRQ |
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
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ATSDR |
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
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CDC |
Center for Disease Control and Prevention |
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FDA |
Food and Drug Administration
Do not inspect local restaurants |
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HRSA |
Health Resources and Services Administration
For the under-served populations |
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IHS |
Indian Health Services |
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NIH |
National Institutes of Health
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SAMHSA |
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration |
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What percentage of cases do local health departments receive notification about? |
Only 35% of all cases |
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4 reasons why LHDs do not receive notification for all cases |
1. Many physicians are unaware of the requirement to notify 2. Clinics may not report each and every case 3. Understaffing or too busy 4. Patients recover without seeking treatment |
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The first US census |
Created by George Washington for the purpose of apportioning representation to the House of Representatives
Used for calculating disease and death rates |
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Vital statistics |
Summaries of: Live births Deaths Marriages Divorces Infant deaths |
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Descriptive study |
Who, when, where Describes the extent of an outbreak |
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Analytical study |
To test hypotheses about relationships between health problems and possible risk factors
Retrospective - case/control
Prospective - cohort |
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Retrospective study |
Case/control Those with a disease and those without |
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Prospective study |
Cohort A group who shares an important demographic characteristic and is classified by exposure to one or more risk factors Observed into the future |
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Classification of diseases and health problems |
Often the public does it by organ or organ system
By the causative agent: biological chemical physical |
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Infectivity |
The ability of a biological agent to lodge and grow in a host |
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Pathogenicity |
An infectious disease agent's (microorganism's) ability to produce disease |
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Zoonoses |
Disease for which the reservoir resides in animal populations |
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Anthroponoses |
Disease for which humans are the only known reservoir |
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Airborne diseases |
Aerosols usually to the respiratory tract
Influenza Legionnaire's Histoplasmosis |
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Top 3 causes of death |
Heart disease Cancer Stroke |
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Prevention |
Planning for and taking action Example: immunizations |
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Intervention |
After the fact Example: antiobiotics |
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Control |
Limiting transmission |
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Eradication |
Success: smallpox... polio? |
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Primary prevention |
To forestall onset of illness Health education and promotion |
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Secondary prevention |
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before it becomes advanced and disability becomes severe
Health screenings detect presence Medical screenings (pap smears, PSA test) Self-examinations Hemocult test - for colorectal |
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Tertiary prevention |
The goal is to retrain, reeducate, and rehabilitate the pateint |
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Quarantine |
Limitation of freedom of movement of those exposed to a disease and may be incubating |
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Chain of infection model |
Pathogen Human reservoir Portal of exit Transmission Portal of entry Establishment of disease in new host |
