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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Clinical Psychology
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focused on individualized treatment, after the problem has occurred
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Community Psychology
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Focuses on issues, social institutions, and other settings that influence groups and organizations and the individuals in them
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Common Goals of Community Psychology
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Respect for diversity, importance of context and the environment, and empowerment
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Empowerment
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The process of enhancing the possibility that people can more actively control their own lives
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Information Dissemination
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one-way communication from source to audience
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Education
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two-way communication, interaction is key
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Alternative Activists
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Constructive activists to promote healthy life styles
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Problem ID & Referral
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Those individuals who have demonstrated risky behavior try to reverse through education
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Community Based Process
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Aims to organize, collaborate and network
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Coalition Meetings
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People make the community safe and address issues
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Multi-Agency Collaboration
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How to build resiliency, groups sharing resources to benefit community
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Primary Prevention
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Attempt to prevent a problem from occurring or work with at risk populations before the problem occurs
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Secondary Prevention
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Attempts to treat individuals / programs at the earliest moment before it becomes severe
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Tertiary Prevention
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Attempt to reduce the severity of the problem once it has persistently occurred
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Universal Prevention Programs
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Activities target to the general public or whole population that has not been identified on the basis of individual risk
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Selective Prevention Programs
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Activities targeted to those whose risk for developing a disorder is significantly higher than average
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Indicated Prevention Programs
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For those who have shown signs of the disorder
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Four Layers of the Ecological Perspective
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Microsystem
Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem |
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Ecological Model
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Examination between person, environment, and best match between person and setting
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Microsystem
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Certain role of family and activiites, directly affects individuals
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Mesosystem
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All microsystems interact - family & school -does better in school
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Exosystem
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doesn't contain the individual, has the community environment
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Macrosystem
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No specific settings, laws, cultures - helps govern the lower systems and determine how a child could be deprived or full of resources
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Correlational Research
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Relationship between two variables and used when you are unable to manipulate independent variables
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Experimental Research
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Control over independent variable and minimize # of confounding variables,can conclude if something causes an effect
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Quasi-Experimental Research
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Groups are already established and it is more natural, comprise method, no control over the confounding variable
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Ethnography
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semi-structured interviews and behavioral ratings, no predetermined judgments, qualitative information, goal is to focus on beliefs, behaviors, and view experiences
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Epidemiology
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Study of occurrence and distribution of disease and other health issues in populations - used to find those high at risk for disease, determine causes and develop preventative measures- disease is NOT caused by chance
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Prevalence
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The total number of people within a given population that have this disorder
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Retrospective Design
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Known cases from past records
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Incidence
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The number of people within a population who have gotten the disorder in a specific time frame, usually one year
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Prospective Design
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The number of new cases
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Need Assessment
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Determine the feasibility for a specific population, can be done in surveys, interviews, or focus groups
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Program Evaluation
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Economics leads to program accountability, process evaluated on fidelity
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Participatory Research
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Subjects help to define and determine methods and use results of study, differs from observation
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Fidelity
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Program adaptations which can be deliberate or unplanned
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Psycho-Social Stress Model
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Normal reaction to a traumatic event, the outcome of the stressful event depends on the combination of factors
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Four Factors of Dohrewend's Psycho-Social Stress Model
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Personal psychological characteristics
Situational characteristics Situational mediators Psychological mediators |
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Selye's Stress Reaction
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General adaptation syndrome in which a stressor is a demand that is placed on the body, that elicits a response or stress reaction
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Acute Stressors
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time-limited problem, example such as exams
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Chronic Stressors
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persistent, long-term, such as long term illness of a child
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Micro Aggressions
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brief, common place indignities that communicate negative or derogatory slights
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Stress as a Process - Lazarus
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Defined as a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering her well being
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Primary Appraisal
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Emotions are generated by this appraisal, influenced by personal and environmental factors
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Secondary Appraisal
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What are the alternatives? can i cope or control this situation?
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Coping
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can be physiological, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional
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Emotion-Focused Coping
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A response focused on reducing the emotional impact of the stressor (internal)
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Problem-Focused Coping
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A response focused on reducing, modifying, or eliminating the source of stress
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Social Support
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Can be emotional, information, or instrumental
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What is resilience based on?
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Age appropriate development
PArental Support Community support Caring Adults - most important factor |
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PATHS Program
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Promoting Alternative thinking strategies
ABCDs - childs coping is a function of emotional awareness, cognitive control and social understanding |
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Psychodynamic Education
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teachers express an interest or show respect for a child's opinion there is enrichment
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Emotional Intelligence
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Ability to recognize emotional responses in oneself and use this knowledge to manage and motivate oneself
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Second Step Program
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Three Focuses:
Empathy Impulse Control Anger Management |
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First Order Change
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Change occurs within the system that is current - person centered
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Second Order Change
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try and change the system that currently exists, think creatively, system centered
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4 Characteristics of Planned Change
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Limited in scope
Usually provides a role for those community members affected Enhance the quality of life for community members Often guided by a person who acted as a change agent |
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Unplanned Change
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Natural, stressful, uncontrollable - community psychologists try to predict and prevent this type of change
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Reasons for Social Change
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Population Diversity
Declining Resources Accountability and Cost Effectiveness Knowledge and Technology Community Conflict Dissatisfaction with the Status Quo Desire For More Choices |
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Community Mediation Programs
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Mediators sit down and figure out what the wants and needs are
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Multi-Door Approach
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One that envisions one courthouse to help individuals in different situations with many doors, referral sources
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Difficulties in Bringing Change
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Opposing Resistance
In groups and out groups Knowledge Cognitive misers Dogmatic Too specific - single cause Tactics |
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Successful Changes Need:
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Unity
socially responsible Problem oriented Focus on multiple social levels Open to change Realistic change |
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Forms of Citizen Participation
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Grassroots activism
Self-help groups Mutual Assistant Groups Social Support |
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Grassroots Activism
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working from the bottom up - created to increase participation and involvement
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Self-Help Groups
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support groups supervised by professionals - collaboration
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Social Support
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Can be informational, instrumental or emotional
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Networks
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an interconnected and interactive social relationship that shares information, resources, and social support - pulls resources together
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Types of Networks
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Umbrella organizations
Community Development Corporations Neighborhood Associations Clearinghouses |
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Umbrella Organizations
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established to achieve networking among several agencies and systems
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Community Development Corporations and Neighborhood Associations
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Citizen groups that come together to begin change for a healthier community
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Clearinghouse
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designed to help or aid individuals looking for self-help groups
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Consultation
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community psychologists are skilled in the community needs assessment, organizing, group problem solving and action research
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Education / Information dissemination
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Improve the community, promote prevention, empower the community members and shape the ideology
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Public Policy
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Lengthy but brings long term change, direct intervention at the system level
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