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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A course of action chosen by public authorities to address a given problem.
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Policy
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Focuses on protecting and promoting people's health through the actions of society.
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Public Health
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The leading nutrition related cause of death in the US:
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Heart Disease
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According to the World Health Organization, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
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Health
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A health promotion activity aimed at changing the behavior of a target audience.
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Intervention
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Factors Associated with an increased probability of acquiring a disease.
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Risk Factors
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An approach to collecting data on a population's health and nutritional status in which data collection occurs regularly and repeatedly.
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Surveillance
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An evaluation of a community in terms of its health and nutritional status, its needs, and the resources available to address those needs.
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Community Needs Assessment
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The condition of a population's or individual's health, including estimates of quality of life and physical and psychosocial functioning.
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Health Status
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The condition of a population's or individual's health as influenced by the intake and utilization of nutrients and nonnutrients.
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Nutritional Status
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The population that is the focus of an assessment, study, or intervention.
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Target Population
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Data that describes or explains, is considered subjective, and can be categorized and ranked but not quantified.
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Qualitative data
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People who are "in the know" about the community and whose opinions and insights can help direct the needs assessment.
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Key Informants
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People who have a vested interest in identifying and addressing the nutritional problem.
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Stakeholders
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Numerical data that can be measured and is considered objective.
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Quantitative data
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Figures pertaining to life events, such as births, deaths, and marriages.
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Vital Statistics
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The effect of an intervention on the health and well being of an individual or population.
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Health Outcomes
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The knowledge and awareness of that people have their environment and the judgments they make related to it.
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Cognitions
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An individual's positive or negative evaluation of performing a behavior or engaging in an activity.
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Attitude
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An informal group of about 5-12 people who are asked to share their concerns, experiences, beliefs, opinions, or problems.
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Focus group
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A systematic study in which a cross section of individuals, who represent the target population, are queried in order to collect data for the analysis of some aspect of a group or area
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Survey
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The accuracy of a diet assessment measurement instrument, that is measures what it intends to measure
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Validity
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The proportion of individuals in the sample with the disease or condition who have a positive test for it.
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Sensitivity
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The proportion of individuals in the sample without the disease or condition who have a negative test for it.
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Specificity
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The repeatability or precision of an assessment instrument.
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Reliability
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A particular instance of a disease of outcome of interest.
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Case
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The number of new cases of a disease during a specific time period in a defined population.
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Incidence
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The number of existing cases of a disease or other condition in a given population.
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Prevalence
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From the greek word meaning "upon the people"; the study of epidemics
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Epidemiology
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The probability or likelihood of an event or disease occurring.
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Risk
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Clinically important signs associated with an increased likelihood of acquiring a disease.
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Risk Factors
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General formula for relative risk:
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Relative risk= risk of disease or death for exposed persons/ risk of disease or death for unexposed persons
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A well defined group of people who are studied over a period of time to determine their incidence of disease, death, or injury.
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Cohort
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A hidden factor or characteristic that is distributed differently in the study and control groups and may cause an association that the researcher attribute to other factors.
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Confounding factor (confounder)
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A type of observational analytical study that can be retrospective or prospective in nature. Enrollment is based on exposure characteristics.
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Cohort Study
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A type of observational analytical study; enrollment is based on presence or absence of disease.
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Case-control study
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Includes all studies of the relations between diet and health in human populations; understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the links between food, nutrient intake, and the development of disease and maintenance of health.
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Nutritional Epidemiology
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Studies that seek to identify specific factors that increase or decrease the risk of disease and to quantify the associated risk.
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Analytic Studies
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An example of an analytic study:
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Case-control, or; Cohort studies
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A cohort study that began in 1951 by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill that included 40,000 British doctors studied what?`
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Lung cancer in relation to tobacco smoking
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In this type of study, the investigator alters the behavior, exposure, or treatment of people to determine the impact of the intervention on the disease:
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Experimental studies
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In experimental studies, usually two groups are studied: those who experience an intervention, the experimental group, and those who do not, also called:
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The control group
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A form of human experimentation in which the subjects, usually patients, are randomly allocated to receive either a standard accepted therapeutic or preventative regimen, or an experimental regimen.
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Randomized control trial (RCT)
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A system that identifies specific individuals for public health intervention, often at the community level.
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National Nutrition Monitoring System (NNMS)
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Conducted in 1971-1974, this study was designed to collect and disseminate data that could be obtained best, or only by, direct physical examination, laboratory and clinical tests, and related measurements.
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National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
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First conducted in 1985 and 1986, this survey, often called the "what we eat in America survey," was designed to provide timely data on U.S. diets in general, the diets of high risk population subgroups, and changes in dietary patterns over time.
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Continuing survey of food intakes by individuals (CSFII)
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This survey, conducted annually by the FDA, is designed to access the levels of various nutritional components and organic and elemental contaminations of the U.S. food supply.
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Total Diet Study (TDS)
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A component of the TDS, this survey estimates the levels of 11 essential minerals in representative diets.
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The Selected Minerals in Food Survey
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Surveyed by telephone interview, this system collects data related to health status, access to health care, tobacco and alcohol use, injury control, weight control, and intake of dietary fat, fruits, and vegetables.
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Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
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The set of activities that provides regular information about the contribution that diet and nutritional status make to the health of the U.S. population and about the factors affecting diet and nutritional status.
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National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program (NNMRRP)
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The assessment of dietary or nutritional status at intermittent times with the aim of detecting changes in the dietary or nutritional status of a population.
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Nutrition Monitoring
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The continuous assessment of nutritional status for the purpose of detecting changes in trends or distributions so that corrective measures can be taken.
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Nutrition Surveillance
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The measurement of indicators of dietary status and nutrition related health status to identify the possible occurrence, nature, and extent of impaired nutritional status (ranging from deficiency to toxicity).
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Nutritional Assessment
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A dietary assessment method in which an individual is requested to recall all food and beverages consumed within a 24-hour period.
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24-hour recall
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A method of analyzing a diet based on how often foods are consumed (ie. servings per day/week/month/year)
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Food Frequency Questionnaire
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Clients are led through a series of questions to describe the foods typically consumed in a day.
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Usual Diet
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A conversational assessment method in which clients are asked to review their normal day's eating pattern.
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Diet History Interview
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A type of survey instrument used to characterize a population's general health status; widely used in organizations as a health education or screening tool.
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Health Risk Appraisal (HRA)
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An important preventative health activity designed to reverse, retard, or halt the progress of disease by detecting it as soon as possible.
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Screening
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A written record of the food and beverages consumed by an individual over a period of time, usually 3-7 days.
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Food Diary, or; Daily Food Record
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Method used to identify individuals at risk of a nutrient deficiency, measured through biological tissues, fluids, or urinary excretion rate of a nutrient.
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Laboratory (biochemical) Methods
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Measurements of the body's physical dimensions and composition used to detect moderate and severe degrees of malnutrition and chronic imbalances in energy and protein intakes.
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Anthropometric Methods
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Clinical assessment of health status that consists of a medical history and a physical examination to detect physical signs and symptoms associated with malnutrition.
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Clinical methods
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The number of new cases of a disease during a specific time period in a defined population.
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Incidence
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The number of existing cases of a disease or other condition in a given population.
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Prevalence
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Designing a study after a specific research question (hypothesis) has been formulated; allowing researchers to make inference about the original hypothesis.
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Hypothesis Testing
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These studies compare the frequency of events (or disease rates) in different populations with the per capita consumption of certain dietary factors.
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Correlational Studies, or; Ecological Studies
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National figures for food produced for human consumption minus the food that is exported, fed to animals, wasted, or otherwise not available for consumption.
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Disappearance Data
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Studies that examine the relationships among dietary intake, diseases, and other variables as they exist in a population at a particular time.
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Cross-sectional Studies, or; Prevalence Studies
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1976 Cohort study of 121,700 married female registered nurses aged 30-55 years to investigate diet and lifestyle risk factors for major chronic diseases in women, and to study long-term oral contraceptive use.
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Nurses' Health Study I
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Randomized school-based clinical trial involving 5,106 third-grade boys and girls enrolled in 96 ethnically and racially diverse elementary schools in 4 locations, including California, to determine if health promotion efforts would reduce CVD risk factors later in life.
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Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH)
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Clinical trial involving 4,000 people at risk of Type-2 diabetes that began in 1997 to prevent or delay the development of type-2 diabetes by means of intensive lifestyle changes and drug interventions.
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Diabetes Prevention Program
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1986 cohort study of 51,529 male health professionals aged 40-75 years to evaluate a series of hypothesis about men's health, relating nutritional factors to the incidence of serious illnesses.
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Health Professionals Follow-up Study
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Beginning in 1991, this 15 year clinical trial involving post-menopausal women aged 50-79 years examined the impact of diet, hormone replacement therapy, and Calcium and vitamin D in the development of chronic diseases like heart disease and breast cancer.
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Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
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1999 randomized after school intervention trial trial involving elementary school students aged 6-9 years, with the objective of creating a diet, education, and exercise program that would improve bone quality.
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Beat Osteoporosis: Nourish and Exercise Skeletons (BONES)
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National accounts of the annual production of food, changes in stocks, imports and exports, and distribution of food over various uses within the country.
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Food Balance Sheets
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The total amount of food available for consumption in the household; generally excluding food eaten away from home.
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Household food consumption
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This research is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific question; the main motivation is to expand man's knowledge, not create something new.
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Basic Research, or; Fundamental, or; Pure
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This research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, rather than to aqcquire knowledge for knowledge's sake.
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Applied Research
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This research is correlational in nature; it usually investigates whether groups differ from one another on one or more dependent variables.
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Descriptive Research
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This type of research seeks to establish cause and effect; has a control group.
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Experimental Research
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The factor that is being measured and free to vary within the different levels of the independent variable being studied
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Dependent Variable
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This variable may or may not have a relationship to values taken by the dependent variable; this is what the study is trying to determine.
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Independent Variable
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This type of study is one that takes place at a single point in time, thereby taking a 'slice' of whatever it is observing or measuring.
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Cross-sectional Studies
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This type of correlational research study involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time — often over many decades.
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Longitudinal Study
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A longitudinal study that looks back in time.
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Retrospective
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A longitudinal study that looks forward in time.
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Prospective
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The 1948 study seeking to identify the common factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease by following its development over a long period of time in a large group of men and women between the ages of 30 and 62 years.
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Framingham Heart Study
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A committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans with the aim to protect the rights and welfare of the research subjects.
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Institutional Review Board (IRB)
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In the United States, these organizations' regulations have empowered IRBs to approve, require modifications in planned research prior to approval, or disapprove research.
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The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Department of Health and Human Services (HSS)
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IRBs are governed by this title:
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Title 45 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) Part 46
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