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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The study of epidemic including the control and prevention of all types of health problems.
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epidemiology
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What does epidemiology focus on?
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focuses on the health problems of populations rather than individuals
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What are some causes and risk factors that affect a populations' risk for disease?
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host factors (age, sex, race, nutritious status)
environmental factors |
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Epidemiology can measure ________ (ratio proportions) of disease or health issues among populations.
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rates
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_____ _______ refers to the likelihood that people who are healthy, but exposed to certain ____ ____, will acquire the disease at some point in their lives
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Risk factors
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_____ _______ comparison of a health related event in two groups.
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relative risk
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_________ how frequently a disease occurs in a population
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incidence
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______________ is the proportion of a group that has a particular disease at a specific time
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Prevalence
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What are the steps to the epidemiologic method steps?
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Observing
Counting cases or events Relating cases or events to the population at risk Making comparisons Developing the hypothesis Testing the hypothesis Drawing scientific inferences Conducting experimental studies Intervening and evaluating |
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Compares the disease rate of different populations with their food consumption (does not find cause and effect relationships)
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Ecological or Correlational Studies
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Examines the relationship among dietary intake and disease in a population (one time measurement, a snapshot of the population's health)
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Cross sectional or Prevalence studies
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Studies in which on group is given a treatment and one group is given a placebo (control group)
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controlled trials
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A group of people free from disease are identified (cohort); data is collected to determine why some individuals develop the disease and why some do not.
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cohort study
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Case control
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a group of people with a particular disease are compared to a group of people without the disease
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Advantages of cohort study?
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May provide complete data on cases, stages
Allow study of more than one effect of exposure Can calculate and compare rates in exposed and unexposed Quality Control of data Disadvantages of Cohort study: need to study large numbers, may take many years, circumstances may change during study, expensive, rarely possible to study mechanism of disease |
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Advantages of case-control study?
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excellent way to study rare diseases and disease with long latency periods
relatively quick & inexpensice can often use existing records can study many possible causes of disease Disadvantages: rely or recall on existing records about past exposures, difficult or impossible to validate data |
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case control study:
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involes identifiying patients who have the outcome of interest (case) and matching them with individuals who have similar characteristics, but do not have the outcome of interest (control)
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What are some challenges to nutritional epidemiology?
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-difficult to assess long term dietary intake, (more important than short term)
-Our food intake varies day to day -Different methods to assess dietary intake (national, household and individual level) |
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How is dietary intake assessed at national level?
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Food Balance Sheets (national accounts of the annual production of food, changes in stocks, imports and exports, and distribution of food over various uses w/in the country
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How is dietary intake assessed at household level?
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house hold food consumption: the total amount of food available for consumption in the household, generally excluding food eaten away from home unless taken home
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what drives public health program and policies?
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epidemiologic research
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