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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Active Immunity |
Host is exposed to antigens whichprompt the host's immune system to create antibodies.Relatively long lasting, waning over several years if at all |
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Passive Immunity |
Externallyproduced antibodies are provided to the host by way of immunization or transfer(e.g., mother-infant, immune globulin). Relatively fast acting but shortlasting
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HerdImmunity
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Generalizedresistance to a particular disease within the population that arises becausethe majority of people have developed specific immunity to the condition
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Chicken Pox |
§Rashpresent at onset §Rash“Centripetal” primarily trunk & clothing covered areas §Appearlike ‘crops’ in various stages |
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Small Pox |
•Rash 2-4 days after fever beginsdecreasing •Rash “Centrifugal”face & extremities •Lesions all at same stage |
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Chlamydia and Gonorrhea |
- Most frequently reported infectious disease in the US. Far underreported - Can cause reproductive problems - Gonorrhea may result in neonatal conjunctivitis and blindness - Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common complication - Rising number of antibiotic resistance cases in US - Also facilitates HIV transmission |
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Herpes |
•Herpes simplex virus •type1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2) •50+ Million people in the United Statesinfected with HSV-2 •85% are not aware oftheir HSV-2 infection •S&S: mild or no symptoms; painfulblisters •In Pregnancy: can cause potentially fatalinfections in the newborn. Cesarean section is indicated in the presence ofactive genital herpes at term. |
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Primary Syphilis |
Painless chancre-untreated heals in a few weeks (3-90 days) |
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Secondary Syphilis |
Rash, mucosal ulceration, sore throat, malaise, muscle and joint pain (4-10 weeks) |
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Tertriary Syphilis |
Often no symptoms for years (latent stage) Blindness, cardiovascular damage, syphilitic psychoses (3-15 years) |
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Congenital Syphilis |
Transmitted transplacentally. Untreated it can cause premature stillbirth, blindness, deafness, facial abnormalities, crippling, or death. |
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HepatitisA and E:
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•transmitted primarily by the fecal oral route
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HepatitisB, C, and D
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transmitted via infected blood (e.g.,transfusions, IDU (injection drug user)
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Which type of heps are the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer? |
Hep B and C:
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For what Hep's are vaccines available? |
Hep A &B |
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How long can Hep B survive |
Can survive at room temp for at least 1 week |
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•HCV (Hep C) infection: |
most common bloodborne infection in the United States
•HCVmortality now exceeds that of HIV infection in the United States •While 15% of infected persons have aspontaneous resolution to the infection, most will develop chronic liver disease. Upto 80% resolution with treatment. |
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Positive PPD Test |
HIV + - >5mm induration Healthy ppl w/ exposure history or risk factors - >10mm induration Healthy ppl w/ no risk or exposure - >15mm induration |
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The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB has prompted the use of
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•directly observed therapy (DOT)ensure treatment adherence |
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VibrioInfections |
•Vibrio (V. vulnificus and V.parahaemolyticus) arenaturally occurring bacteria in warm coastal areas. •Source: Eatingcontaminated seafood (V. vulnificus canenter the body via a seawater exposedwound) •V. parahaemolyticustypically causes diarrhea. •V. vulnificus,inpersons with liver disease, cancer, or another immune-compromising condition,typically infects the bloodstream, causing a life-threatening illness.About half are fatal, and death can occur within two days. |
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What is the most common vector borne disease in the US? |
Lyme disease |
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What is the most common vector borne disease in the world |
Malaria |
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Rabies (hydrophobia) |
“Thehighest case fatality rate of any known human infection – essentially 100%” Nosuccessful treatment exists for rabies once symptoms appear – but post exposureprophylaxis can prevent development of the disease ($2-7+K!) |
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How is lyme disease transmitted? |
ticks, deer/mouse |
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How is hep A transmitted? |
oral fecal |
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How is hantavirus transmitted |
airborne, rat poop |
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How is the west nile virus transmitted? |
skeeters/birds |
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How is legionella pneumophila transmitted? |
ventilation systems/hot tubs |
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How is the norovirus transmitted? |
Oral fecal/fomite (inatimate) |
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ChronicDisease Defined
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:A condition that persists over a period of time that cannot be cured but can becontrolled.
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Pain |
•Approximately43% of Americans experience pain daily •Annualcost to the United States society of $560 to $635 million •Physicaland physiologic effects •Psychologicaland cognitive effects •Significantcontributor to poor quality of life •Depressionand possible suicide |
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HTN |
•Approximatelyone-third of Americans have hypertension (African Americans are most at risk.) |
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Arthritis |
•Arthritiscontributes to nearly a quarter of disability in older people (Women atincreased risk over men) |
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Kidney Disease |
•Anestimated 26 million people have chronic kidney disease; millions more at risk(Directly linked to Diabetes and hypertension) • |
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Health System Determinants |
•Urbanand rural differences (e.g., disease &HPSAs) 20% live in rural/10%of providers in rural |
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Reservoir
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•Reservoir: an animal, person, plant, soil, orsubstance where an infectious microorganism lives and from which it istransmitted to a susceptible host |
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Communicable Diseases:
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Caused by pathogens that are transmitted directly or indirectly from one personto another |
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Infectious Diseases:
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•Illnesses that result from the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the body |
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Advantages of Home Visits |
•Morecomplete picture of client situation (e.g., ADL assessment) •Identificationof environmental influences on health •Assessmentof relationships among family members and with the larger community •Recognitionof previously unidentified needs |
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Palliative Care |
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Benchmarking |
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Patient's certificate of need |
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OASIS Measures |
•Outcomemeasures •Processmeasures •Measuresof potentially avoidable events • •Measuresare publicly available to help the general public evaluate/select home healthagencies. |
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Variablesfor Rate of Payment |
•Scoredon at start of care based on Start of Care OASIS-C assessment form, for: • •Clinical severity (C) of the client'scondition •Functional status (F) •Anticipated service (S) utilization |
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NCCHCPosition Statement |
•Guidingprinciples: •Medical autonomy •Non-maleficence •Medical neutrality • • |
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•Healthprofessionals' responsibilities include: |
•Health professionals' responsibilities include: •Not participating in any form of interrogation or abuse, including not providing consultation on such activities Not gathering forensic information or sharing confidential information with authorities for use in judicial proceedings•Not authorizing or approving physicalpunishment •Promoting policies that protectcorrectional employees who report abuse •Support training for staff to preventabuse |
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How many of youth in the juvenile system have been abused? |
30%, high as 80% undocumented |
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Who are the only people with a constitutional right to health care? |
Incarcerated individuals |
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What the the priority concern amongst the imprisoned? |
•Physiologichealth status •Infectious diseases •TB (priority one!) •STIs, HIV/AIDs, Hep B& C •Influenza • •Other conditions •Dental issues (e.g., meth mouth) •Pregnancy |
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Value of having a school based health center |
•School-based health centers: primary careclinic in or near the school. •Improves student access to services •Increased mental health serviceutilization •Improved gpa, decreased dropout rates andabsenteeism, and asthmatic hospitalizations |
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Vector |
living Means of indirect transmission |
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vehicle/fomite |
non living means of transmission |
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Anthrax |
Inhalation anthrax is likely thesingle greatest biological terrorism threat. All untreated inhalation cases consideredfatal Treatment after 48 hours of symptom onsethas a 95% fatality rate 3-5 days of ‘resolving’ fever, malaise,mild cough, chest pain… shock/rapid deterioration - death Alternatively cutaneous anthrax whenuntreated has a fatality rate range of 5%-20%, but fatalities are rare withappropriate treatment |
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Ebola |
Transmissionvia direct contact with body fluids: saliva, mucus, vomit, feces, sweat,tears, breast milk, urine, and semen. Cansurvive from severalhoursondry surfaces, (i.e.,doorknobs, countertops), and up to several days at room temperaturein bodyfluids (i.e.,blood). Ebolaiskilled with hospital-grade disinfectants (i.e., bleach). Survivorsdevelop antibodies – BUT ‘immunity’ unclear (e.g., shift) The virushas been found in thesemen of survivors forup to 3 months. |
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HIV |
•Natural History of HIV •Theprimary infections within about 1 month of contracting the virus, but it takes about 6-12 weeks before evidenceof HIV antibody is found in blood. (Newer rapid tests are available too!) •Symptomaticdisease (AIDS) •CD4T-lymphocytes (WBC type) count level less than 200 cells/uL in aperson with HIV infection. •AIDS-relatedopportunistic infection |
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•School-age AIDSPatients in the Community |
•Should attend school. •Removal would only beappropriateshort-termwhen schooloutbreaks of other infectious diseases such as chickenpox present. |
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HPV |
•Immediateconditions: genital warts • •Alsoa significantrisk factor for cancer •70% of cervical cancers andHPV-related cancers (e.g., oropharyngeal cancers) •Globally 44% of the world'spopulation is infected by one or more types of HPV •Most common among young men andwomen under 25 years of age •Diseaselesions are often described as cauliflower inappearance |
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Lyme Disease |
•The most common vector-borne disease in the U.S. •Stage 1: Bull's-eye lesion develops in50-70% of cases within 3-30 days following bite •Stage 2: Lesions, headache, neuro &cardiac abnormalities •Stage 3: Recurrent attacks of arthritisand arthralgia, cardiac inflammation, meningitis, motor and sensory nervedamage •Responds well to tetracycline orpenicillin – but if no stage one rash – difficult to diagnose. |
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•Initiatedthe Frontier Nursing Service. FNS provided midwifery services by nurses who traveled on horseback and served families in isolated rural applachia. |
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Tertiary Prevention |
Focus on restoring health status and preventing further deterioration. Aimed as returning the client (individual or population) to the highest level of function and preventing further deterioration in health. |
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Secondary Prevention |
Focus on identification and treatment of existing health problems. Focuses on the early identification and treatment of existing health problems and occurs after the health problem has arisen. |
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Primary Prevention |
Focus on preventing occurrence of health problems. Intervention aimed at preventing health problems from occurring. |
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Public Health 3 Core (iterative)Functions |
•Assessment •Systematic data collection about apopulation •Includes monitoring the population’shealth status and providing information about the health of the community •Policy Development •Developing policies that support thehealth of the population through leadership and research •Assurance(Evaluation) •Making sure that essentialcommunity-oriented health services are available •Includes providing essential personalhealth services for individuals as well as a competent PH workforce |
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Medicare |
Part A - hospitalization, skilled nursing facility, hospice & some home health care. Part B - Primary care provider services, outpatient care and some home health care, variety of preventive services. Medigap - Supplemental coverage for costs not covered under medicare Part C Coverage - Medicare approved private providers covering A&B Part D Coverage - Prescription Drugs |
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Medicare vs medicaid |
•Costsborne by the government (= taxpayers) •TwoMAJOR programs!!! • Medicare: “Generally” coverage forthe elderly (i.e., those over 65 years of age) • Medicaid : “Generally” coveragefor low income people •Additional public funding: supports some public health services (e.g., WIC),military service personnel, Veterans Administration, and the Indian HealthService. |
