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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the ratio that healthy people wants for nurses to students
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1:750
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what is global health
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Integrating traditional elements of public health, international health, and tropical medicine.
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what is the agenda of global health
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infectious disease control, maternal and child health, family planning, neglected tropical diseases, nutrition, and primary health care, chronic non-communicable disease (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, COPD, cancers, poor mental health)
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when are the millennium goals to be completed
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2015
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what are the 8 millennium goals
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end poverty and hunger, universal education, gender equality, child health, maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, environmental sustainability, global partnership
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why are infectious diseases prevalent in poor countries
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Bad nutrition weakens immune systems
Poor sanitation and hygiene, dirty water, poor education, bad working conditions, crowded living conditions, less able to afford medication Results in a vicious cycle of poverty, sickness, suffering and death. |
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what are some non-communicable diseases
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cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and chronic respiratory disease
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what percentage of deaths do non-communicable diseases account for
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Account for >60% of all deaths globally
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what is the 10/90 divide
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More than 90 % of medical research resources are targeted at disease that account for only 10% of the global burden of disease (i.e., diseases most relevant to the wealthy)
Less than 10% of research resources are aimed at those that account for 90% of the global burden of disease (i.e., diseases that most affect the poor) |
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what is the world health organization
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Directing and coordinating authority on international health within the United Nations’ system
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what does the world health organization do
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Producing health guidelines and standards and helping countries to address public health issues
Promoting research |
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what are the official languages of the world health organization
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Arabic, Chinese, English,
French, Russian, Spanish |
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when is world health day
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Each year on April 7
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what is world health day for
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Celebrate the founding of WHO
Raise awareness of key global health issues |
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what is the 2011 world health day focus
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Antimicrobial resistance: no action today, no cure tomorrow
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who first looked at environmental health
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Florence Nightingale & Lillian Wald
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what are community health nurses responsible for
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Are responsible to understand as much as possible about potential risks of environments to health:
how to assess them, how to eliminate/reduce them, how to communicate and educate about them, and how to advocate for policies that support healthy environments |
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what are the roles for community health nurses
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Community involvement/public participation
Individual and population risk assessment Risk communication Epidemiologic investigations Policy development |
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what are the General Environmental Health Competencies for Nurses
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Basic Knowledge and Concepts
Assessment and Referral Advocacy, Ethics, and Risk Communication Legislation and Regulation |
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what is the Basic Knowledge and Concepts for nurses
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Understand the scientific principles and underpinnings of the relationship between individuals or population and the environment
Basic mechanism and pathways of exposure to environmental health hazards, basic prevention and control strategies, the interdisciplinary nature of effective intervention, role of research |
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what is the assessment and referral of nurses
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Complete an environmental health history, recognize potential environmental hazards and sentinel illnesses, and make appropriate referrals for conditions with probable environmental causes
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what is done in the Advocacy, Ethics, and Risk Communication for nurses
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Demonstrate knowledge of the role of advocacy, and risk communication in client care and community intervention with respect to the potential adverse effects of the environment on health
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what is done for the legislation and regulation for nurses
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Understand the policy framework and major pieces of legislation and regulations related to environmental health
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what are the environmental health objectives for healthy people 2010
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Outdoor air quality
Surface and ground water quality Toxic substances and hazardous wastes Homes and communities Infrastructure and surveillance Global environmental health |
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how is the outdoor air quality being improved
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Increase use of alternative modes of transportation for work
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what do extrapolations do
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Estimate what the effects might be on humans based on the results from the study on effects of chemicals on animals
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what is toxicology
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Basic science applied to understanding the health effects associated with chemical exposures
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what is epidemiology
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Science that helps us understand the strength of the association between exposures and health effects
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what are some multidisicipliary approach's
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Geologist, meteorologist, chemists
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what is the natural environment
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Exist in a natural state, unmodified in any significant way by human beings
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what is a built environment
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All buildings, spaces, and products that are created or modified by people
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what is a social environment
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Resources embedded in social networks
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what must be present for a disease process to occur
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the epidemiological triangle: environment, host and agent
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what is the purpose of exposure history
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To identify current or past exposures
To reduce or eliminate current exposures To reduce adverse health effects |
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what does I PREPARE stand for
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Investigate potential exposures
Present work Residence Environmental concerns Past work experiences Activities and Hobbies Referrals and resources Educate |
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how can you investigate potential exposures
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Have you ever felt sick after coming in contact with a chemical, such as a pesticide or other substances?
Do you have any symptoms that improve when you are away from your home or work? |
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what is done for present work exposure
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Are you exposed to solvents, dusts, fumes, radiation, loud noise, pesticides, or other chemicals?
Do you know where to find material safety data sheets for chemicals with which you work? Do you wear personal protective equipment? Are work clothes worn home? Do co-workers have similar health problems? |
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what questions do you ask for residence
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When was your residence built?
What type of heating do you have? Have you recently remodeled your home? What chemicals are stored on your property? Where is the source of your drinking water? |
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what are the environmental concerns
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Are there environmental concerns in your neighborhood (i.e., air, water, soil)?
What types of industries or farms are near your home? Do you live near a hazardous waste site or landfill? |
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what is looked at in past work
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What are your past work experiences?
What job did you have for the longest period of time? Have you ever been in the military, worked on a farm, or done volunteer or seasonal work? |
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what activities are looked at in potential exposure
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What activities and hobbies do you and your family pursue?
Do you burn, solder, or melt any products? Do you garden, fish, or hunt? Do you eat what you catch or grow? Do you use pesticides? Do you engage in any alternative healing or cultural practices? |
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what are the referral and resources for potential exposures
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
http://www.epa.gov/ State Health Department The Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics The National Library of Medicine’s ToxTown Uncover the major pollutants http://www.scorecard.org/ |
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what is the education for potential exposures
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Are materials available to educate the client?
Are alternatives available to minimize the risk of exposure? Have prevention strategies been discused? What is the plan for follow-up? |
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what is done do disinfect water
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boil water for 1 minute (10 minutes to treat toxins)
If fuel is unavailable, add 10 drops of chlorine bleach per gallon of water |
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what is risk magnitude
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size, severity, extent of area or population affected
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what is risk probability
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how likely exposure or damage is to occur
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what is risk communication
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Communication of risk involves understanding the outrage factors relevant to the risk being addressed so they can be incorporated in the message-the information-either to create action to ensure safety or prevent harm or to reduce unnecessary fear.
Right information Right people Right time |
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what is primary prevention for environmental health
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Focus on the protection and preservation of natural resources
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what is secondary prevention for environmental health
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Focus on identifying and resolving existing health problems caused by environmental conditions
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what is tertiary prevention for environmental health
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Focus on preventing recurrence or complications of environmentally caused health problems
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what is lead
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a metallic element commonly found in our daily lives
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what are the primary sources of lead
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dust, paint, and soil.
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what does lead effect children more often
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Absorb lead more efficiently
Developing nervous system Significant hand to mouth activity |
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where does lead poisoning exposure come from
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occupations and hobbies
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what are occupational exposures to lead
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Painters
Remodelers Electronic repair |
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what are hobbies that cause lead exposure
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Ceramics
Hunting and fishing Stained glass making |
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what are the symptoms of lead poisoning
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Usually no immediate symptoms
At extremely high levels – seizures, coma, death |
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what are the long term effects of lead poisoning
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Loss of IQ
Developmental delays ADHD Behavioral problems Juvenile delinquency |
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how is lead poisoning screened
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Blood test is only effective method of screening
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when should children be screened for lead poisoning
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All children between 12 and 72 months should be screened yearly
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what are high levels of lead
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15 µg/dl: environmental follow-up and case management by ACHD
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what are the 3 Rs for Reducing Environmental Pollution
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Reduce
Reuse Recycle |
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what is key in controlling HIV epidemic
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prevention
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what is primary HIV prevention
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focuses on HIV neagtive persons and keeping them that way
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what is secondary HIV prevention
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new focus on preventing transmission of HIV from infected persons to HIV negatives.
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what are some Substances commonly associated with HIV infection
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Opiates – heroin, oxycodone, morphine methadone
Cocaine Sedatives – benzodiazepines Amphetamines Club drugs – ecstasy, GHB, ketamine Alcohol |
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what are the health risks of injecting illicit drugs
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Major cause of HIV transmission
Primary cause of HCV transmission Related to increased risk of local and systemic infection Cardiac disease/valve disease Pulmonary disease Renal disease Vascular disease Increased risk of overdose |
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how is HIV and HCV transmitted
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Transmission of HIV and HCV most common through sharing syringes
Also can be transmitted by sharing drugs mixed in contaminated syringe then injected Cookers and water used to dissolve drugs can transmit HIV HCV transmission more likely from this than HIV Cottons or filters are used to filter particles out of drug If shared can transmit HIV or HCV Also source of bacteria and fungus if not shared but reused |
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how long is HIV viable in a syringe
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6 weeks
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what is occupational health nursing
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focuses on the promotion, prevention and restoration of health within the context of a safe and healthy environment
involves the prevention of adverse health effects from occupational and environmental hazards |
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what are industrial hygienists
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focus on the identification and control of occupational health hazards
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what are industrial engineers
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focus on design, installation,and improvement of integrated system of people, material, information, equipment, and energy
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what are safety professionals
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focus on developing procedures, standards, or systems to achieve the control or reduction of hazards and exposures
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what is the occupational safety and health administration for
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to protect workers from work-related hazards
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what is the national institute for occupation safety and health for
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education and research
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what are the priority research areas of NIOSH
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disease and injury, work environment and workforce, research tools and approaches
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what is the hazard communication standard
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requires all worksite with hazardous substances to inventory toxic agents, label toxic agents, provide information sheets
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what is the disaster cycle
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mitigation-risk assessment, planning, general preparations
response recovery |
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who is in the command staff
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deputy commander, media liasion, safety officer
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who is in the operating staff
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logistics, planning, operations, admin/finance
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what is the purpose of disaster triage
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to save as many victims as possible with the limited resources avaliable
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what are the classifications of the triage
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minor-green
delayed-yellow immediate-red dead/expectant-black |
