Community Exam 2

Front 1

a statement that reflects the research question, stated in positive terms, and represents the researcher's prediction or opinion

Back 1

hypothesis

Front 2

an assumption that there is no statistically significant difference between the groups being studied

Back 2

null hypothesis

Front 3

agreement of examiners who are involved in data collection with a set standard of performance

Back 3

calibrated

Front 4

the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure

Back 4

Validity

Front 5

consistency and stability of the data collected in a study

Back 5

Reliability

Front 6

agreement of findings by two or more examiners

Back 6

Interrater Reliability

Front 7

consistency of findings by one examiner with those previously recorded by the same examiner

Back 7

Intrarater Reliability

Front 8

the entire group, or whole unit of individuals, having similar characteristics to which the results of an investigation can be generalized

Back 8

Population

Front 9

a term relating to numeric characteristic of a population.

Back 9

Parameter

Front 10

the people from whom information is being collected and to whom the researcher would like to generalize the finding of a study

Back 10

Target Population

Front 11

a subset or portion of the entire population

Back 11

sample

Front 12

numeric characteristics of samples

Back 12

statistic

Front 13

(trial run) a preliminary study performed in preparation for a major study

Back 13

pilot study

Front 14

a sample in which each member of a population has an equal chance of being included, thus preventing the possibility of selection bias by the researcher

Back 14

random sampling

Front 15

random selection of subjects from two or more subdivisions of the population

Back 15

stratified sampling

Front 16

selection of subjects by including every nth person on a list

Back 16

systematic sampling

Front 17

a sample, provided through personal judgment, of subjects who are more representative of the population

Back 17

purposive (judgmental) sampling

Front 18

a group of individuals who are most readily available to be subjects in a study.

Back 18

convenience sampling

Front 19

the sample group of subjects in a study who receive the experimental treatment or intervention

Back 19

experimental group

Front 20

the group of subjects in a study who do not receive the experimental treatment or intervention

Back 20

control group

Front 21

the experimental treatment or intervention that is imposed on the experimental group

Back 21

independent variable

Front 22

a characteristic or concept that varies, or differs, within the population under study

Back 22

variable

Front 23

the variable thought to depend on or to be caused by the independent variable; the outcome variable of interest

Back 23

dependent variable

Front 24

pieces of information collected from measurements and counts obtained during the course of a research study

Back 24

data

Front 25

collected information that is counted only in whole numbers

Back 25

discrete data

Front 26

a type of collected information described as measurements made from a particular value, such as from temperature, scores on tests, or time; can be any value along a continuum

Back 26

continuous data

Front 27

a scale of measurement in which characteristics or numbers are assigned into categories by name only

Back 27

nominal

Front 28

a scale of measurement that orders data into categories in rank order; the space between these categories is undefined

Back 28

ordinal

Front 29

a scale of measurement that determines quantities; characterized by having order and equal distance between points on the scale

Back 29

interval

Front 30

a scale of measurement that not only has all the qualities of nominal, ordinal, and interval but also has an absolute zero, such as age, height, and weight

Back 30

ratio

Front 31

used to describe and summarize data; determine information only about the sample being studied

Back 31

descriptive statistics

Front 32

used to draw a generalization between the sample studied and the actual population

Back 32

inferential statistics

Front 33

average of the group; asum of all the values divided by the number of items

Back 33

mean

Front 34

the exact middle score or value in a distribution of scores; when teh total number of scores is even, the sum of the two middle scores, divided by two, provides the median

Back 34

median

Front 35

the score or value that occurs most frequently in a distribution of scores

Back 35

mode

Front 36

a measurement of the difference between the highest and lowest values in a distribution of scores

Back 36

range

Front 37

a method of measuring the way in which individual variables are located around the mean; a common technique of measuring interval and ration variables

Back 37

variance

Front 38

the positive square root of the variance

Back 38

standard deviation (sd)

Front 39

standard deviation equation

Back 39

Sd =√sum of (data point- mean)²
Number of values

Front 40

a statistical method of determining whether a variation in one variable may be related to a variation in another variable

Back 40

correlation

Front 41

a technique used when data include interval or ratio scales of measurement; best used when teh sample is large and randomized and the population from which the sample is taken is normally distributed

Back 41

parametric

Front 42

an assumption that approximately 68% of the population falls within one standard deviation (SD) of teh mean, approximately 95% falls within 2 SDs of teh mean, and 99% lies with 3 SDs of the mean

Back 42

normal distribution

Front 43

a test used to analyze the difference between two means

Back 43

t-Test

Front 44

a commonly used test for parametrics; allows comparison among more than twoi means from different samples and compares interactions among the variability in multiple sample groups to the variability within groups

Back 44

analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Front 45

a statistical test used when assumptions about a normal distribution in the population cannot be met or when the level of measurement is nominal or ordinal

Back 45

nonparametric

Front 46

the most commonly used nonparametric test; is used to analyze questionnaire data and to determine whether a relationship exists between two variables

Back 46

chi-squared test

Front 47

a determination of how many subjects are needed to provide significance; calculated using a specific statistical formula based on what an examiner hopes to observe in a specific number of subjects

Back 47

power analysis

Front 48

a declaration of how likely it is that a study could have come to a false conclusion; the probability that the obtained results are due to chance alone

Back 48

P value

Front 49

based on statistical results, the researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is true

Back 49

type 1 alpha error

Front 50

based on statistical results, the researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it is actually false

Back 50

type 2 beta error

Front 51

a journal in which articles have been reviewed by an editorial board of peers

Back 51

refereed

Front 52

a summary, confined approximately 200 words, that concisely defines a study;s purpose, methods, materials, and results; a brief description of the research, found at the beginning of a manuscript, designed to provide an overview of the study.

Back 52

abstract