Community

Front 1

Emidemiology

Back 1

The study of the distribution, or patterns, of health events in populations and the determinants or factors that influence those patterns

2 types

-descriptive

-analytical

Front 2

Descriptive epidemiology

Back 2

- the study of the distribution of disease

-looking at health outcomes

-what? who? where? when?

Front 3

Analitycal epidemiology

Back 3

-looks at the etiology (origins and causal) of the disease (how & why)

-deals with determinants of health & disease:

~individual

~relational

~social

~communal

~enviromental

Front 4

Epidemiology

Back 4

the study of population in order to

- monitor the health of the population

- identify the determinants of health and disease in communities

- investigate & evaluate interventions to prevent disease and maintain health

Front 5

People to know

Back 5

1. Hippocrates (first to use ideas that now are part of epidemiology)-looked at geography, climate, 4 seasons, water consumed, habits

2. John Snow (father of epidemiology) water supply + cholera

3. Florence N. (Crimean war)- sanitary conditions=recovery for soldiers

Front 6

Multiple agents- shifts

Back 6

2. Shift in focus from infectious disease (now controllable) to chronic (cancer, diabetes)

Front 7

Re-emergence of epidemiology

Back 7

Epidemiology at the centre of public planning because:

-threats of biological terrorism

-new infectious diseases

-recurrence of drug-resistant diseases (mutations)

Front 8

Health surveliance definition

Back 8

tracking and forecasting of any health event or health determinant by collection of data, analysis, interpretation & dissemination

important aspect of public health, constant global monitoring

Front 9

Commonly Encountered Epidemiological Measures part 1

Back 9

1. Morbidity- the occurence of disease in a population

2. Mortality - the number of deaths to that disease in a population

3. Proportion- a type or ratio that shows relationship between the total # & the frequency of occurrence in the case of a perticular health event

4. Rate-a measure of the frequency of a health event in a defined population during specific period (a rate is a ratio, but is not a proportion)

Front 10

Commonly Encountered Epidemiological Measures part 2

Back 10

5. Risk- the probability that an event will occur within a specific period

6. High risk population- greater probability of the event occuring (compromised immune system)

Front 11

P + I Rates

Back 11

Prevalence rate

- a picture of a specific disease process in a given population at one point in time

Incidence rate

- the identification of new cases of disease in a population over time

Front 12

ENDEMIC rate of disease, injury or condition

Back 12

occurrence that is USUAL in a population

Front 13

EPIDEMIC rate of disease, injury or condition

Back 13

EXCEEDS the usual level for that condition

Front 14

PANDEMIC rate

Back 14

the rate of its occurrence in geographically widespread populations

Front 15

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD

Back 15

AGENT- what caused the disease (cold, TB)

HOST- who harbors the disease; usually includes a list of symptoms among those affected (me, u)

ENVIRONMENT- favorable conditions external to the host that allow for transmission (overcrowded housing)

Front 16

Goal of epidemiology

Back 16

to break th chain of at least one side of the triangle to disrupt or stop the continuation of the disease

immage on p.232 fig.8-1

immage on p. 233 fig.8.2

Front 17

WEB of causation

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complex interrelationship of many factors interacting to increase or decrease the risk of disease

immage p.233 fig.8.3

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Natural history of disease

related to levels of prevention

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progression of the disease process from onset to recovery

- this process is related to the 3 levels of prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary)

1.health promotion

2.screening/testing

3.med. treatment

Front 19

Population at risk - definition

Back 19

those who because of exposure, lifestyle, family history, or other factors, are at greater factors for a disease than the population at large

Front 20

Screening

Back 20

the key component of many secondary prevention interventions

Front 21

Sources of data for epidemiological studies

Back 21

1. Routinely collected data such as census, vital records, and surveillance data

2. Data collected for other purposes, such as medical or insurance records

3. Original data collected for specific epidemiological studies

Front 22

How CHN use emidemiology

Back 22

CHN are involved in surveliance and monitoring of disease trends and can identify patterns of disease in a group

Nursing documentation on client records is an important source of data for epidemiological revievs (for tracking & to keep the risk at minimum & under control)