Communication/society Terms

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Identity-work

Back 1

the process through which talk makes available to participants and observers who the speakers identity (how a segment of talk implicates who the people must be)

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types of identity

Back 2

o master: references those aspects of personhood that are presumed to be relatively stable and unchanging (gender, ethnicity, age, nationality and regional origins)
o interactional: refer to the specific roles that people take on in a communicative context with regard to specific other people
o personal: relatively stable and unique (sports person, not-so-much-a-sports-person, pro-growth, anti-growth, etc)
o Relational: identity performed for a person (lover, colleague, sibling, etc.)

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Face-work

Back 3

the view of self each person seeks to uphold in an interaction

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context

Back 4

content + interactional meaning

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conversational implicature

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meanings that differ from what is said

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contextualization cues

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those features of talk that people use to create interactional meaning for what is being said

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Utterance content

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conventional meaning

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interactional meaning

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context for the participants for the immediate conversation (meaning intended vs. meaning created)

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tacit and explicit knowledge

Back 9

knowledge you have but cant critically analyze/knowledge you can critically think about

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Grice’s Maxims/Cooperative Principle

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relevance, quality, manner (clarity), quantity

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altercasting

Back 11

the identity cast upon someone by someone else

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framing

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situating a conversation or interaction (not objective reality)

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Cultural Perspective

Back 13

an invisible system of symbolic resources that shapes people’s daily interactional practices; specific cultural groups of people will interpret certain patterns in particular ways

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Rhetorical Perspective

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assumes that people talk in particular ways in order to accomplish desired identities

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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the language a person has at his or her disposal affects his or her thinking

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Membership Categorization Device

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sex, race, family, stage of life, etc.

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Types of person-referencing practices

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marriage names

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social constructs

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ways of categorizing people that in different situations and at different times have been different

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formality of person references

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titles vs. nicknames

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kinship terms

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family terms

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Searle’s speech act categories

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representitives (it’s raining), commisives (promises), expressives (reveal emotion), declaratives (transform situations- husband and wife)

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accounting

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reasoning and explaining

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difference between form and function

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how something is said vs. what it does

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face-threatening speech acts

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advising, reproaching, disclaimers, gossiping, accounting, brown-nosing

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Speech acts

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name utterances in terms of their purposes

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Adjacency pairs

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orderliness of talk like hellos and goodbyes, offers and acceptances/refusals and questions/answers

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transition relevance places (TRPs)

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indicators of appropriate places for speakers to take turns

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conversational floor

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the place and space for talk

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remedial exchange

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a four part sequence designed to remedy the feelings of discomfort caused by an offense (remedy [apology/account], relief [sure/kay], appreciation [thanks], minimization [yeah no big deal])

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local versus pre-allocated turn-taking

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within conversation/decided turns

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dispreferred responses

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something awkward (yes buts)

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noticeably absent second pair parts

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indicates some sort of social discrepancy (irritation, anger)

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Narrative functions

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persuade others, perform positive speech acts, me vs. them, builds identities, makes implications about persons/situations

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Jointness (types)

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asker/teller, two tellers (usually friends)

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Reported speech

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someone repeating what someone else said, can be direct or indirect, presents a position

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Co-narrated speech

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2 people jointly telling a story

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Tie sign

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a way that marks two or more people are close (like holding hands), situational, reveals alliances and antagonists

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Narration

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written/oral for relational/purposeful/situational reasons

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Requirements for narrative

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jointness, newsworthiness, evaluation, events, time, matters of judgment, evaluation of an event, particular framing

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Cohesion

Back 40

topic choice (one topic discussed in depth vs. many topics discussed shallowly)

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Alignment

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physical arrangement between two speakers when facilitating conversation

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role of socialization

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we learn how to communicate between the sexes by the model we grow up with

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two-cultures view

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gender is a cultural thing; culture defines what our gender is and how to perform it

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Gender as relational (2006)

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men generally dominate women

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pragmatics

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study of conversational implicatures

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gender identity as performative (2006)

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gender is performed not innately evident/present

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role of stereotyping in interpretation (1998)

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stereotypes of genders influence our expectations and therefore interpretations (women not asking for directions=too passive, scared to talk to strange men vs. men not asking=the man is too proud to ask)

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gender deviance (2006)

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expectations can diverge and lead to miscommunication when a gender isn’t performed as expected

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dominance view (1998)

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dominance vs. difference- in the upbringing of a guy vs. girl, conversation is used a different way

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Sequential relations

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utterances follow each other in a certain manner (“thanks-your welcome”)

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interactional synchrony

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actions following speech (head nodding in time to speech, talking with your hands)

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cultural variability

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different means of verbal/non-verbal communication (lots of body movement, listeners look at speakers in hopes of getting attention, speaker looks for response, use localization cues (first names, local hang outs), recipient controls interaction through attending/disattending conversation)

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Role of interpretation in intercultural (mis)communication

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stereotypes lead to assumptions about meaning

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link between history and local enactment

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historical context influencing immediate actions

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relationship between ethnicity and socioeconomic status

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minorities are usually in lower socioeconomic status

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directness could be explained as

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matching the speech act with the grammatical structure it most naturally takes

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Politeness rules dictate that

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increase in social distance requires more indirectness

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indirectness would then be

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e.g. using an interrogative structure (”Are you wearing that to the party?”) to convey a non-question speech act, like a statement (”I don’t think you should wear that to the party”) or even a command (”Go put on something else.”)