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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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. Emile Durkheim characterized mass society relationships as an “organic solidarity” because
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These relationships are informal, arising out of choice
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A gatekeeper is
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Someone who decides what content is appropriate for what audience, someone who selects among a variety of media stories or texts, such as an editor
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Empirical research methods include the following (circle all that apply)
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data and collection via surveys
a move away from speculative theories to testable hypotheses working by starting from data and then theorizing about results an assumption that an observable reality exists and can be measured lab research with experiments that test certain behaviors |
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Media professionals tend to see their roles as:
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indivulistic, activist or participatory, neutral or objective
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Adorno felt that television led to the use of simple formulas and stereotypes because:
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it must produce a large amount of material in a short amount of time
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Tonnies concepts of Gemeinschaft and Geselschaft refer to
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the shift from traditional, rural society to modern, urban society.
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. Louis Althusser’s work: Idealology and Ideological state apparatuses is Marxist because
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it includes a materialistic model for ideology works
it holds that the ideas that motivate class conflict it shows how institutions such as the school, church, and family teach that capitalmism is natural and inevitable |
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Journalistc norms may NOT be enforced when
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the content of the story itself differs from the norm
an individual reporter or editor has enough power to break the norm |
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Some key functions of media include
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surveillance
correlation transmission entertainment |
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Any charge of “bias” assumes that
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all of the above
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Utilitarianism is a concept linked to the free theory of the press because
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a free press is the most useful and efficient way for a mass democracy to run smoothly because it works as a watchdog on other sectors of society
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Structuralism focuses its analysis on:
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the underlying and universal structures that organize all social life
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. The following were key figures in “semiotics” or the “study of sings”
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roland barthes
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according the early media theory, mass society audiences are vulnerable to media messages because:
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all of the above
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the “broken eggs” example illustrates
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how any statement of facts is also an interpretation
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Nazism and Stalinism were of interst to early media theorists because
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both movements used mass media to influence public opinion
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“false symmetry” refers to
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an oversimplification of an issue
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Stoereotyping can be harmful because
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all of the above
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. the “hypodermic needle” model of how mass media affect decisions and behavior is so called bcause
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it assumes no meditation between media messages and behaviors
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the term “symbolic interactionism refers to:
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the idea that communication of any kind is central to how a society funcions
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the neo-Marxist structuralist theory splintered in the 1970’s because
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feminists criticized the the marcist scorn for pop culture as sexist
postmodernists made pop culture into a site of cultural meaning and useful struggle political economy is seen as a norrow viewpoint that ignores the pleasure an audience gets from media, no matter how commericla |
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Harold Lasswell’s Propogandad Techniques implicitly critiqued he hypodermic mode bcause
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it showed that in order to be effective, propaganda needs to occur in the right political, social, psychological and economic circumstances
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some of the key questions asked by the “semiotics” or “the study of sings” are
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All of them
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. political economy is the study of
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how economics determine or decide the content of any given cultural form, no matter how creative
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steam communications refers to
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train travel and transport
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The Chicago School was
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a group of sociologists at the University of Chicago and part of America's first department of sociology in a college
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The Chicago School focused on
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social relations & interactions between people, especially in urban areas and stressed qualitative data
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Chicago School major players
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John Dewey
George H. Mead Robert E. Park Charles H. Cooley Louis Wirth |
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Robert Park was important at the Chicago School because
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he rejected the simple stimulus response theory
coined the term Human Ecology |
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Human Ecology was coined by __________ and means __________
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Was coined by Robert Park and means that natural laws could be adapted to society
Human Community has two levels: biotic substructure- driven by competition cultural superstructure-driven by communication and consensus |
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Charles Cooley of the Chicago School defines communications as...
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the way human relationships exist and develop
for ex: expressions of the face attitude and gesture the tones of voice words writing telephones |
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Cooley said four factors that contribute to the efficiency of change in communications are
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expressiveness
permanence of record swiftness diffusion |
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Modern Communication
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education & how much info was available to everyone
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Cooley said public opinion is the
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crystalized judgement of all persons, whether they are in a majority or minority.
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Cooley defined institution as...
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a definite phase of the public mind
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Symbolic Interaction
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the peculiar and distinctive character of interactions as it takes places between human beings
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George Herbert Mead said of symbolic interaction...
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the individual notes things and assesses them, gives them meaning & decides to act on the basis of the meaning.
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John Dewey
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considers mass communication to be mass media
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Louis Wirth
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the mass is people living in widely different conditions, cultures and societies with varying degrees of power
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the mass
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unattached individuals
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the mass paradox
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in order for a mass society to communicate effectively there has to be a common knowledge but the only way to get common knowledge is through communication
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Louis Wirth warns...
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that mass communication is now forever intertwined with the mass media
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Stuart Hall was a
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Cultural theorist and sociologist
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Encoding
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the message that is in the media
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Decoding
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the process of understanding the message
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The Birmingham School was influenced by
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marxism and structuralism
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The Birmingham School saw a
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shift from the hypodermic needle model
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Angela McRobbie of the Birmingham School
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brought women cultural practices into play
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Richard Hogart founded at the Birmingham School...
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the CENTER OF CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL STUDIES
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Hegemony (defined by Gramsci)
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theory that the majority would create a general consensus and define social norms.
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Encoding/Decoding
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Decodings are likely to be different from the encoder's intended meaning when the audience does not share
common backgrounds or social positions According to Hall, the decoded meanings of television will influence, entertain, instruct or persuade the society in emotional, ideological or behavioral ways. However, the meaning may not stay the same depending on how the encoder (producer) interprets and decoder (receiver) understands. |
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Dominant
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(hegemonic) reading: the reader fully shares the text's code and accepts/reproduces the preferred reading in a way that the code seems 'natural’
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negotiated
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reading: the reader partly shares the text's code and broadly accepts the preferred reading, but resists and modifies it in a way that reflects their own experiences and interests
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oppositional (counter-hegemonic)
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reading: the reader, whose social situation may place them in a directly oppositional relation to the dominant code, understands the preferred reading but decodes the message in a “globally contrary way”
Television producers aim for “perfectly transparent communication” in which the preferred reading is clearly understood and accepted by the majority of viewers |
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Two step flow by Lazarsfeld
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opinion leaders tell groups of individuals that they are in contact with
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Innis
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Contributed to a current obsession with “present-mindedness,” or lack of concern about past or future
Argued that Western civilization would only be saved by recovering the balance between space and time |
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McLuhan
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explains that the world (or “globe”) has turned into a village due to electronic technology and the fast movement of information
The Media is the Message |
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According to McLuhan if something is hot...
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Requires little participation from a person to determine meaning
Enhances one single stimulus/sense Example: movies = vision A person does not need to do much to fill in details, you just watch it |
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According to McLuhan if something is cold...
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Requires more effort from a person to determine meaning
Enhances multiple stimuli/senses Example: novels = vision for reading, imagination to fill in the rest of the details More abstract |
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Why did Walter Lipmann say we can't trust the media?
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Propaganda
Privacy & Censorship Physical and Social Barriers |
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Max Horkheimer
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was president of the frankfurt school
wanted it to focus on the change s in culture |
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The culture industry
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Definition: the production of works for reproduction and mass consumption where content is presented in an ordered manner so that it appeals to the largest portion of the public
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Adorno thought that the culture industry was
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mass deception
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Mass Media according to adorno
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In order to create that appeal, mass media combines high and low arts
High art is valuable only to the extent at which it can be exchanged. The culture industry inverses this idea and offers the arts free of charge on the television or radio, cheapening high art. The value of high arts is demoted. The arts are damaged because they have become commodities that have little, if any, meaning. |
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Convergence Culture
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Jenkins defines it as “a shift in the logic by which culture operates, emphasizing the flow of content across media channels.”
Simplistically, it’s when the audience is no longer just an audience. They become active participants in the creation and flow of media. |
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Collective Intelligence
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Collective Intelligence is the ability of people to leverage their knowledge through large-scale collaboration and deliberation.
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Spectatorial Culture
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conformity, inactive culture
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Participatory Culture
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Participatory culture is much more active; people join a community and voice their own opinions
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