Communications

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empathy

Back 1

the ability to project one's self into another person's point of view, so as to experience the others thoughts and feelings

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face

Back 2

the socially approved identity that a communicator tries to present

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face work

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verbal and nonverbal behavior designed to create and maintain a communicators face and the face of others

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impression management

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stratagies used by communicators to influence the way others view them

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Percieved self

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the person we believe our selves to be in moments of candor

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perception checking

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a three part method for varifying the accuracy of interpretations, including the description of the sense data two possible interpertations and a request for confermation of the interpertations

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personality

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a realitivly consistant set of traits that a person exhibits across a variety of situations

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presenting self

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the image a person presents to others; it may be identitical to the percieved selves

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reflected appraisal

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the theory that a persons self content matches the way the way a person believes others reguard him or her

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self concept

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the relavtive stable set of percieptions each individual holds of them selves

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self esteem

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the part of the self concept that involves evaluations of self worth

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self fullfilling prophecy

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a perdiction or self expectation of an event that makes the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been the case

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self serving bias

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the thendancy to interperet and explain information in a way that casts the perciever in the most favorable manor

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significant other

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a person who’s oppinion is important enough to effect ones self concept strongly

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sympathy

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compassion for another situation

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abstract languge

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language that lacks or does not refer to observable behavior or other sensory data

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abstaction ladder

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a range of more to less abstract terms describing an event or object

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behavioral description

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an account that refers only to observable phenomena

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convergence

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accomodating ones speaking style to another person who usually is desirable or has higher status

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divergence

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a linguistic strategy in which speakers empathise differences between their comunicative style in others in order to create distance

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emotive language

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language that conveys the senders attitude rather than simply offering an objective description

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equivocal words

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words that have more than one dictionary definition

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equivocation

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a vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way

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euphemism

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a pleaseant sounding word used in place of a more direct less pleaseant one

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factual statement

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statement that can be verified as being true of false

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high content culture

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a culture that avoids direct use of language to express information especially about relational matters

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inferential statement

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conclusion arrived at from an interpretation of evidence

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jargon

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the specialized vocabulary that is used as kind of a short hand by people with common backgrounds and experience

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language

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a collection of symbols governed by rules used to convey messages between individuals

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linguistic determinism

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theory that a culture's world view is unavoidably shaped and reflected by the language its members speak

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linguistic relativism

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a moderate form of linguistic determinism that argues that language exerts a strong influence on perceptions of the people who speak it

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low context culture

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a culture that relies heavily on language to make messages especially of relational nature explicit

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opinion statement

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statement based on the speaker's beliefs

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phonological rules

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linguistic rules governing how sounds are combined to form words

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pragmatic rules

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rules that govern the everyday use of language, they are rarely written down or discussed

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relative words

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words that gain their meaning by comparison

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semantic rules

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rules that govern the meaning of language as opposed by its structure

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sex roles

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a social orientation that governs behavior in contrast to a person's biological gender

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slang

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language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar co-culture or other group

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symbols

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an arbitrary sign used to represent the thing, person, idea, event, or relationship in ways that make communication possible

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syntactic rules

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rules that govern the ways in which symbols can be arranged as opposed to the meanings of those symbols

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whorf-sapir hypothesis

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theory that the structure of a language shapes the world view of its users

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action oriented listeners

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a listening style that is primatily concerned with accomplishing the task at hand

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advising

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helping response in which the reciever offers suggestions about how the speaker should deal with a problem

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ambushers

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a style in which the reciever listens carefully to gather information to use in an attack on the speaker

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analyzing

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a helping style in which the listener offers an interpertation of a speakers message

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attending

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the process of focusing on certain stimuli from the enviorment

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content oriented listeners

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a listening style that focuses on the content of the message

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counterfeit question

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a question that disguises the speakers true motive which doesn't include a genuine desire to understand the other person

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critical listening

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listening in which the goals are to judge the quality or accuracy of the speaker's remarks

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defensive listening

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a response style in which the receiver perceives the speaker's comments as an attack

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empathetic listening

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listening in which the goals are to help the speaker solve a problem

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hearing informational speaking

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the process where a sound wave strikes the ear-drum and causes vibrations that are transmitted to the brain

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insensitive listeners

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failure to recognize the thoughts or feelings that are not directly expressed by a speaker instead accepting the speakers words at face value

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insulated listeners

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a style in which the reciever ignores undesirable information

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judging

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a reaction in which the reciever evaluates the sender's message either favorably of un favorably

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listening

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process where the brain reconstructs electrochemical impulses generated by hearing into representations of the original sound and give them meaning

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paraphrasing

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feedback in which the receiver rewards the speaker's thought and feelings

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people orientated listeners

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a listening style that is primarily concerned with creating and maintaining positive relationships

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prompting

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using silence and brief statements of encouragement to draw out a speaker

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pseudolistening

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an imitation of true listening in which the receivers mind is elsewhere

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questioning

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feedback that usually request the speaker to supply additional information in order to clarify or expand the receivers understanding

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remembering

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the act of recalling previous information

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residual message

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the part of a message a receiver can recall after short/long term memory loss

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responding

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providing observable feedback to another person's behavior or speech

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selective listening

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a listening style in which the receiver responds to messages that only interest him or her

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sincere question

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a question that imposes a genuine desire to learn from another person

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stage hog

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a listening style in which the receiver is more concerned with making his or her own point than with understanding the speaker

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supporting

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a response style in which the receiver reassures comforts or distracts the person seeking help

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time oriented listeners

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a listening style that is primarily concerned with minimizing the time necessary to accomplish the task at hand

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understanding

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the act of interpreting a message by following syntactic symantic and pragmatic rules

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affect blends

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the combination of two or more expressions each following a different emotion

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chronemics

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the study of how humans use and structure time

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disfluences

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a non linguistic verbalization

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emblems

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deliberate non verbal behaviors with precise meanings known to virtually all members of a cultural group

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illustrators

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non verbal behaviors that accompany and support non verbal messages

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intimate distance

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one of Halls four distance zones ranging from skin contact to eighteen inches

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kinesics

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the study of body movement posture and gesture

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manipulators

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movements in which one part of the body grooms masages rubs holds fidgets pinches picks or otherwise manipulates another part

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non verbal communication

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messages expressed by other than linguistic means

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paralanguage

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non linguistic means of vocal expression rate pitch tone and so on

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proxemics

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the study of how people and animals use space

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public distance

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one of Halls four distance zones extending outward from twelve feet

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social distance

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one of Halls four distance zones ranging from four to twelve feet

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territory

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fixed space that an individual assumes some right to occupy

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affinity

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the degree to which people like or appreciate eachother; normally expressed nonverbally

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altruistic lies

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deception that was intended to be unmalicious

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breadth

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the range of topics at which an individual discloses

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content messages

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a message that communicates information about the subject being discussed

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contextual interpersonal behavior

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any communication between two people

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control

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the social need to influence others

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depth

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a level of personal information a person reveals on a particular topic

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developmental model

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these models propose that the nature of communication is different in various stages of interpersonal relationships

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dialectical model

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a model claiming that throughout their lifetime people in virtually all interpersonal relationships must deal with equally important opposing forces

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dialectical tensions

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inherent conflicts that arise when two opposing or incompatible forces exsist simulaneously

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equivocal language

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language with one or more interpretations

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immediacy

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the degree of interest or attraction we feel toward and communicate to others

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intimacy

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a state of closness between two people

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johari window

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a model that describes the realstionship between self disclosure and self awareness

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metacommunication

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messages that refer to other messages

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qualitative interpersonal communication

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interaction in which people treat one another as unique individuals reguardless of the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people involved

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relational messages

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a message that expresses the social relationship between two or more individuals

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respect

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the degree in which we hold others in esteem

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self disclosure

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the process in which we deliberately reveal information about ones self that is signifigant and would not normally be known by others

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social penetration model

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a model describing how intimacy can be achieved via the breadth and depth of self disclosure

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assertion

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direct perception of sender's needs, thoughts, or feelings delievered in a way that does not attack the reciever's dignity

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certianty

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messages that imply that the speakers position is correct and that the other person's ideas are not worth listening to

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communication climate

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emotional tone of relationship as it is expressed in the messages that the partners send and receive

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comprimise

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an approach to conflict resoloution in which both parties attain atleast part of what they seek through self sacrifice

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confirming response

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a response that conveys valueing caring and or respecting another person

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conflict

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an expressed struggle atleast between two parties who percieve incompatible goals

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controling message

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messages in which the sender tries to impose some sort of out come on the reciever usually resulting in a defence reaction

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crazymaking

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passive aggressive messages sent in indirect ways that frustrate and confuse the recipiant

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deescalatory conflict

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a communication spiral in which each party slowly lessens their dependence on one another and become less invested in the relationship

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descriptive communication

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messages that describe the seekers position without evaluating others

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direct aggression

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an expression of the speakers thoughts or feelings that attack the position and dignity of the reciever

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disconfirming response

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a message that expresses a lack of caring or respect for another person

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equality

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a type of supportive communication suggesting that the sender reguards as worthy of respect

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escalatory conflict spiral

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a reciprical pattern of communications of which messages between communicators reinforce eachother

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evaluative communication

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messages in which the sender judges the reciever in some way

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Gibb Categories

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six sets of contrasting styles of verbal and nonverbal behavior

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"I" language

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language that describes the speakers position without evaluating others

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indirect communication

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hinting at a message instead of expressing thoughts and feelings directly

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lose-lose problem solving

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an approach to conflict resoloution in which neither parties achieve their goals

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neutrality

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a defence arrousing behavior in which the sender expresses indifference toward the reciever

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nonassertion

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the inability or unwillingness to express ones thoughts or feelings when necessary

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passive aggressive

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an indirect expression of aggression delievered in a way that allows the sender to maintain a façade of kindness

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problem oriented

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a supportive style of communication in which the communicators focus on working together to solve their problems instead of trying to impose their solutions on one another

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provisionalism

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a supportive style of communication in which the sender expresses a willingness to consider the other persons position

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spiral

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reciprocal communication pattern in which each person's message reienforces eachother

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spontaneity

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supportive communication behavior in which the sender expresses a message without any attempt to manipulate the reciever

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strategy

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a defence -arrousing style of communication in which the sender tries to trick the reciever

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superiority

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a defence arrousing style of communication in which the sender states or implies that the reciever is inferior

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win-lose conflicts

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approach to conflict resoloution in which one party reaches it's goal at the expense of the others

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win-win problem solving

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approach to conflict resoloution in which the parties work together all to satisfy their goals

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"you" language

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language that judges another person increasing the likely hood of a defensive reaction