Communications 200 Midterm

Front 1

1st Approach to Theories - Nets

Back 1

- A never ending process of theory building (evolved)

-Seeks to explain more and more

Front 2

2nd Approach to Theories - Lens

Back 2

-Work under certain assumptions

-We cannot see the world as a whole, we are limited (theories)

-Drives what questions we ask

Front 3

3rd Approach to Theories - Maps

Back 3

-Making connections

-Dictates the next step

Front 4

How to Judge Theory #1 Explanatory Power

Back 4

-Ability to provide plausible explanation

-Ability to explain wide range of phenomena

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How to Judge Theory #2 Predictive Power

Back 5

-Ability to predict what will occur in the future

-Can aid in improving various communicative acts (verbal/non-verbal)

Front 6

How to Judge Theory #3 Internal Consistency

Back 6

-There is an internal logic

-Different elements of the theory make sense when viewed together

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How to Judge Theory #4 Heuristic Provocativeness

Back 7

-Can serve to generate new questions

-Produce novel or interesting questions

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How to Judge Theory #5 Parsimony

Back 8

-Simplicity

-The best answer is often the simplest one

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How to Judge Theory #6 Organizing Power

Back 9

-Ability to make connections between seemingly disparate phenomena

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Interpretive

Back 10

-Multiple means or truths are possible: we assign "truth" linguistically

-Truth is socially constructive

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Objective

Back 11

-Truth is singular and is accessible through unbiased sensory observation

Front 12

Why do we not have any laws of communication?

Back 12

-Humans are messy and complex

-No one has designs on a single, grand theory of communication

Front 13

Understand Communications as a process - Dynamic Process

Back 13

-Basic Stages, Evolve, Go Back

-Give and Take, non-verbal reaction by both, build off from one another

Front 14

Symbolic Interaction - Interpretive - Know Origins

Back 14

-European Influences-Darwin's Evolution Theory
a.)Behavior is an adaptation to an environment (culture)
b.)Behavior and the Environment fit together in a dialectic
-U.S. Influences - Pragmatism
a.)Meaning arises out of "practical consequences"
b.)Differences in meaning arise out of differences in uses
c.)Reality is in-determinant. Reality is always transforming and evolving.

Front 15

Interpretation of Symbols

Back 15

-Individual process - culturally bound, cultural meaning

-We do not respond directly to an object, we respond to the symbol

Front 16

Self and Role Playing

Back 16

-A persons roles determine who that person is

-The individual becomes humanied through interactions with other persons

-Self develops after role taking (how do others see me?)

Front 17

Looking Glass Self - I & Me

Back 17

-The mental self image that results from taking the role of the other

-How we feel we look to others

-Self fulfilling prophecy

- I=Compulsive component, ME=The self we see when we take the role of the other

Front 18

Coordinated Management of Meaning

Back 18

-Conversation serves to allow us to co-construct our realities

-These realities influence how we act

-ID critical moments in convo

-How best to optimize our actions within our convos

Front 19

Seeking an Ideal

Back 19

-Speaking in a manner that makes people want to listen, and listening in a manner that makes people want to speak

Front 20

The way people communicate is often more important than what is being said - why?

Back 20

-What I say is secondary to how I say it.

Front 21

Concentric Rings of Context

Back 21

-Different people interpret messages differently based of what their priorities are

-They each looked at the situation differently based off their priorities

Front 22

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Back 22

-Increased knowledge of what kind of person another is that provides an improved forecast of how a future interaction will turn out

**People do NOT like uncertainty

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Axioms

Back 23

1.)Verbal Communication
2.)Nonverbal Warmth
3.)Information Seeking
4.)Self-Disclosure
5.)Reciprocity
6.)Similarity
7.)Liking
8.)Shared Networks

Front 24

How do we reduce uncertainty?

Back 24

-Passive Strategies
1. Reactivity Search - how does the person react to a situation
2.Disinhibition searching - observe in informal settings b/c observed person less likely to self-monitor so will act "naturally"

-Active Strategies; Actively Seek Info

C. Interactive
1.)Interrogation
2.)Self-Disclosure

Front 25

Expectancy Violation Theory

Back 25

-4 Zones
a.)intimate
b.)social
c.)personal
d.)public

-Factors that affect these zones - Gender, Social Power, Culture

Front 26

Violation Valence

Back 26

-Negative or Positive value assigned to a breach of an expectation

-Interpret meaning of violation

Front 27

Convergence vs Divergence

Back 27

C - When you match your behavior to the other persons behavior; happens when the others behavior is more positive than expected

D - When you "move away" from the other person's behavior; more negative

Front 28

Weaknesses & Strengths of Early CMC Theories

Back 28

1.) Cues are filtered out - problematic for relationship development because of the lack of nonverbal cues
2.)Social Presence Theory - CMC deprives users of the sense that another person is involved in interactions
3.) Media Richness Theory - How complex are the messages that can be expressed with this medium?

Front 29

Social Info Processing Theory

Back 29

-Relationships grow only to the extent that parties first gain info about each other and use that info to form interpersonal impressions about each

Front 30

2 Assumptions of SIP

Back 30

#1.) Verbal Cues: when motivated to form impressions and develop relationships, communicators employ any cue system available
#2.) Extended Time: impressions formed at a reduced rate because exchange of social info through CMC is much slower

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CMC as Hyper personal

Back 31

-Selective Self Presentation - online positive portrayal

-Social Identity De-individualization - Overestimate similarity with others in a group

***Plan how to present yourself

Front 32

AST Phase Model

Back 32

Orientation - unfocused - lack of info and goals

Conflict - factions form - disagreements arise

Coalescence - negotiation - come to agreements of "acceptable" solutions

Development - work toward consensus solution and excitement rises

Integration - Solidarity - rewards for cohesion

Front 33

Giddens - Rules and Resources

Back 33

-The group, and the individuals within the group, will adopt and adapt rules to achieve what they need to achieve

-The individuals will adapt their resources (their skill set) to play specific roles within the group to allow the collective to achieve it's goals

Front 34

Stability vs Change as Outcomes

Back 34

-What is produced by the group? Does it represent stability (similar to decisions reached by past groups) or change (something different or unique)

Front 35

Cultural Approaches to Organizational Communications

Back 35

-Culture - shared meaning, shared sense-making, shared understanding, shared symbols

Front 36

Storytellers have power

Back 36

-The stories we tell reflect and reinforce organizational culture

-3 different levels include Corporate, Personal, and Collegial

Front 37

What do we mean by culture?

Back 37

-A socially constructed and historically transmitted pattern of symbols, meanings, premises, and rules

Front 38

How do cultures differ?

Back 38

1.) Power distance
2.) Masculinity
3.) Uncertainty avoidance
4.) Individualism

Front 39

Intercultural Communication -Accommodation

Back 39

-Constant movement toward and away from others by changing communication behavior

Front 40

IC Convergence vs Divergence

Back 40

C - Strategy through which you adapt communication behavior to become more similar to another person

D - Strategy of accentuating the difference between yourself and another person (Self-Handicapping)

Front 41

What affects initial orientation?

Back 41

-Communicators pre disposition to focus on either their individual or group identity during a convo

1.)Collective cultural context
2.)Bad outcome - Bad person
3.)Stereotypes
4.)Norms for treatment of groups
5.)High group solidarity/high group dependence

Front 42

Attributions

Back 42

-Perceptual process by which we observe what people do and then try to figure out their intent/disposition

Front 43

Face Negotiation

Back 43

Face - our public self image - how do we want people to see us?

Facework - specific ways that we construct/repair face

Face-restoration - Strategy to stake out a unique place in life

Face-giving - Facework aimed at defending and restoring other people's need for inclusion

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Face Maintenance steps

Back 44

type of culture ---> type of self-construal--->Type of Face Maintenance --->Type of Conflict Management

Front 45

Latitudes of Evaluation

Back 45

Latitude of Acceptance - persons most preferred position, but also includes the range of other opinions on an issue that the person finds acceptable

Latitude of Rejection - the range of opinions the person finds objectionable

Latitude of Non Commitment - those positions the person finds neither acceptable nor unacceptable

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Anchor

Back 46

Our personal reference point

Anchors result in judgmental distortions

Front 47

Persuasion as a Gradual Process

Back 47

Large scale change gained through a series of small, successive movements

Good speaker - wider range of acceptance