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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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symbolic interaction theory
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mead proposed that people act based on the symbolic meanings in certain situations
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sit centers on
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the relationship between symbols and interactions
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sit helps us understand
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how humans co create symbolic worlds that shape behavior
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mead believed individuals are
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active, reflective participants in their social context
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intellectual ancestors to sit are pragmatists :
viewed reality as social structures and meaning are created through : |
john dewey and william james
- dynamic - interaction |
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different approaches to methodolody
chicago school- iowa school- |
interpretive/ qualitative
functionalist/ quanititative |
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themes of sit
importance of- importance of the - relationship between - |
meanings for human behavior
self concept between the individual and society |
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importance of meanings
1. humans act towards others on the basis of 2. meaning is created in 3. meaning is modified through |
1.meanings those others have for them (nerd)
2. interaction between people 3. an interpretive process |
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importance of self concept
1. individuals develop self concept through 2. self concepts provide |
1. interaction with others
2. an important motive for behavior |
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self concept is develoepd from
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friends, family, strangers
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relationship between the individual and society
1. people and groups are influenced by 2. social structure is worked out through |
1. cultural and social processes
2. social interaction (meanings, norms, structure) |
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mind
1. interaction with others is limited until we ... 2. language depends on... 3. thought (_______) allows... |
ability to use symbols with common social meanings.
1.learn a language 2.symbols that evoke the same meaning 3. (an inner conversation)allows role taking |
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self
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the ability to reflect on ourselves from the perspectives
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looking glass self
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abiility to see ourselves how we imagine others see us and the feelings that result
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pygmalion effect
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living up or down to anothers expectations of us
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two dimensions of self
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I = subjects, acting self, spontaneous, creative
Me= object; observing self - reflective, socially aware |
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society
1. particular others 2. generalized others |
the web of social relationships that humans create
1. individuals who are signifcicant to us 2. the attitude or viewpoint of the larger group |
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integration
1. communication traditions 2. commnuication contexts 3. approach to knowing |
1. a. semiotic
b. phenomenological 2. a. intrapersonal/ interpersonal 3. interpretive/ hermeneutic |
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uncertainty is used to
-uncertainty is people strive to -individuals make predictions in order to |
reduce level of uncertainty
- uncomfortable -reduce uncertinty -explain the outcomes of an interaction |
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2 types of uncertainty
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1. behavioral (can we predict future behaviors)
2. cognitive (can we predict beliefs and attitudes of other) |
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assumptions
people experience uncertainty in - uncertainty is an -when strangers meet their primary concern is to |
-interpersonal settings
-aversive state, generating cognitive stress -reduce their uncertaintyinterper |
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interpersonal comm has three stages:
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entry, personal, exit
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interpersonal comm is the primary means of
- the quantity and nature of information that people share - |
-uncertainty reduction
-changes through time |
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Axioms are
§ Axioms are the § Axioms need to be ______ theory to work § Indicate the relationship between |
- truisms drawn from past research and common sense.
- foundation of URT -accepted as valid for -uncertainty and other concepts |
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negative relationship between
Negative relationship between Positive relationship between Negative relationship between |
uncertainty and verbal communication
-uncertainty and nonverbal affiliative expressiveness -uncertainty and information-seeking behavior -uncertainty and levels of intimacy |
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positive relationship between
Negative relationship between Negative relationship between Two additional axioms on p. 156 |
-uncertainty and rate of reciprocity
-uncertainty and similarities between people -uncertainty and liking |
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Theorems are
§ For example, if verbal communication decreases uncertainty (Axiom 1) and decreased uncertainty increases intimacy (Axiom 4) then |
-theoretical statements derived from axioms, positing a relationship between two concepts.
-increased communication and increased intimacy are positively related. |
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Strategies to reduce uncertainty
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Berger (1995) posited three tactics
1. Passive 2. Reactivity searching (watching a person doing something) Disinhibition searching (watching a person’s natural or uninhibited behavior in an informal environment) 3. Active Interactive Emmers and Canary (1996) added another Uncertainty acceptance in established relationships (i.e., trusting partner) |
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SPT
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social penetration theory
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Developed to understand the
§ Interpersonal relationships § Superficial relationships § Self-disclosure leads to more |
- relational closeness between two people
- evolve gradually and predictably -progress to intimate relationships through self-disclosure - intimate relationships and vulnerability |
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Social penetration is the
§ Includes |
process of bonding that moves a relationship from superficial to more intimate.
- verbal, nonverbal, and environmentally oriented behaviors |
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Dimensions of intimacy: § penetration began in the 1960s and 1970s when
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-Physical
§ Intellectual § Emotional § Shared activities § Discussions about social -open and candid communication (Be “real”) was highly valued (Still valued?) |
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Assumptions of SPT
-Relationships progress from § Relational development is generally -Relational development includes § Relationships can experience § Self-disclosure is at the 1. 2. |
-nonintimate to intimate
-systematic and predictable - depenetration and dissolution -transgressions -core of relationship development 1. Strategic (planned) disclosures 2. Nonstrategic (spontaneous) disclosures |
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“Tearing Up” the Relationship
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Onion analogy represents various aspects of an individual’s personality
§ Outer layer represents the public image § Central layers represent aspects of the self revealed through self-disclosure |
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Reciprocity
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refers to the process whereby one person’s openness leads to another’s openness.
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Dimensions of self-disclosure: §
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Breadth
§ Depth |
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As relationships move toward intimacy, the breadth and depth of disclosure
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increases
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The greater the depth of disclosure, the greater the
§ Self-disclosure in relationships is a result of § Too much inappropriate disclosure may result in |
feeling of vulnerability
trust -relationship dissolution |
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A Social Exchange:
Relational Costs and Rewards |
Relationships can be viewed as the exchange of rewards and costs
§ A reward/cost ratio is calculated and analyzed to determine if a relationship is more positive or negative |
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stages of social penetratin
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orientation:revealing bits of ourselves to others
exploratory affective exchange:emergence of an individuals personality affective exchange: spontaneous communication, use of personal idioms stable exchange: efficient communication, establishment of a persoanl system of communication |
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Stage 1: Orientation
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Reveal small parts of ourselves
§ Public level § Communication is superficial § Norms of appropriateness are followed |
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Stage 2: Exploratory Affective Exchange
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Aspects of one’s personality emerge § Some private aspects become public § More spontaneous communication
§ More nonverbal communication § Common with casual acquaintances |
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Stage 3: Affective Exchange
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Spontaneous and comfortable
communication § Individuals make quick decisions about communication § Personal idioms used § Positive and negative exchanges are possible § Common between close friends and intimate partners |
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Stage 4: Stable Exchange
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Complete openness and spontaneity
(Really?) § Partners are highly intimate and synchronized § Fewer misinterpretations (Probably. . .) § Distinctive relationship qualities emerge § Common in few relationships |
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Integration
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§ Communication tradition § Socio-psychological
§ Communication context § Interpersonal § Approach to knowing § Positivist/empiricist |
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Scope
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Self-disclosure is too narrowly interpreted
§ View of relationship development is too linear § A relationship is more than self-disclosure § View of relationship disengagement is too linear |
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Heurism
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SPT has yielded hundreds of studies
§ Various types of relationships have been studied § Families § Teachers § Marriages § Physician-patient § Effects of culture on the penetration process |
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Rhetoric is the available means of
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persuasion in any given context.
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Persuasive speakers should consider
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logic, emotion, and ethics
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Focus on
§ Rhetorical |
- the audience
- syllogisms |
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_____is credited with drawing attention to public speaking
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aristotle
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The books of the Rhetoric focus on the:
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§ Speaker
§ Audience § Speech |
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The Rhetoric is considered one of the
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most influential writings
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Aristotle studied with his mentor, _____ but had a
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Plato
-different philosophy about truth and its relationship to rhetoric |
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Aristotle taught
Aristotle became known as a man who |
diverse groups of people
- helped ordinary citizens |
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§ Citizens hired _____ to
§ Sophists created Aristotle criticized the Sophists’ handbooks. 2 critcisms. |
Sophists
- understand the principles of persuasion (Sophists considered “sleazy” by some including Plato) - public speaking handbooks § (1, 2) § Too much focus on the judicial system § A lack of attention to logic |
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Effective public speakers must consider their audience
§ Communication is a ____ § The audience is _____ § Audience analysis (What would you analyze?) § The audience determines the____________ (Really? Completely? How would you characterize the relationship between speaker and audience?) |
- transactional process
- a group of individuals - speech's end and object |
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§ Ethos –
§ Logos § Pathos |
(ethics/credibility) Good sense, good will, good character and. . . dynamism?
- (logic) – The use of argument/evidence - (emotion) – The use of emotional appeals to “move” the audience |
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Syllogism is
§ Major premise: All people are mortal. § Minor premise: Aristotle is a person. § Conclusion: Therefore, ________ |
a set of propositions that are related to one another and draw a conclusion from the major and minor premise
-Aristotle is mortal. |
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Canons of Rhetoric
(developed by the Romans not Aristotle) |
§ Invention (inventio): Development of content/argument
§ Arrangement (dispositio): Organization of content/arguments § Style (elocutio): Language selection § Delivery (pronuntiatio): Proper use of nonverbal communication § Memory (memoria): Storing information (“command of material”) SADIM |
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Types of Rhetoric
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§ Forensic (or judicial)
§ Epideictic (or ceremonial) § Deliberative (or political) |
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Dramatism at a Glance
§ Life is like § Analyze a speaker’s motives by § ____is the ultimate motive for speakers § Actors succeed when they |
- a play
- examining elements of a play - guilt - provide audiences a way to purge their guilt |
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- Like in drama, the acts are ___
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-central to revealing human motives
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Burke was
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self-taught
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Humans are ______
§ ______ is the most important symbol |
animals who use (and misuse) symbols
- Language |
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Humans are choice makers §
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Agency
What is the relationship between determinism and our ability to make choices? Examples? |
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Dramatism as New Rhetoric
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§ Burke’s “new” rhetoric supplements the traditional approach
§ “Old” rhetoric focuses on persuasion § “New” rhetoric focuses on identification |
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Identification and substance
§ All things have _______ § Overlap of ____ leads to ____ § Rhetoric is needed to bridge ____ § Consubstantiality _____ |
substance (the general “nature” of something; e.g., our background, our views, etc.)
- substance, identification - divisions - (increase in identification) |
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The process of guilt and redemption
§ Symbolizing (symbols ___________) § Guilt is a________ § Broad definition of guilt ________ |
generate meanings
- central motive for all symbolic activities - (any type of tension, shame, unpleasant feeling, etc.) |
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§ The process of guilt and redemption
§ Guilt as a result of_______ § Guilt as a result of the ____ § Guilt as a result of being ______ |
- order or hierarchy (created in language as a way to privilege certain individuals, groups, activities of which we may not be a part) Examples?
- negative (language that says “we/you can’t do/be something) Examples? - “rotten with perfection” (never achieving the perfection we imagine) Examples? |
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The process of guilt and redemption
§ Victimage______ § Mortification ______ § Scapegoating ______ § Redemption _______ |
- (ways to purge our guilt)
- (blaming self) - (blaming others) - (return to a new order after guilt temporarily purged) |
