Communication In Our Lives

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meaning

Back 1

heart of communication

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self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 2

one acts in ways consistent with how one has learned to perceive oneself

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constructivism

Back 3

the theory that we organize & interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata

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schemata

Back 4

cognitive structures we use to organize and interpret experiences: prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, scripts

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prototype

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a knowledge structure that defines the clearest or most representative example of some category

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personal constructs

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a bipolar mental yardstick that allows us to measure people & situations along specific dimensions of judgment

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stereotypes

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a predictive generalization about people and situations

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scripts

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defines an expected or appropriate sequence of action in a particular setting

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interpretation

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subjective process of exlaining perceptions to assign meaning to them

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attributions

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explanations of why things happen and why people act as they do (subjective)

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self-serving bias

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tendency to attribute our positive actions & successes to stable, global, internal influences that we control and to attribute neg actions and failures to unstable, specific, external influences beyond our control

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culture

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beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a number of people

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standpoint theory

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the theory that a culture includes a number of social groups that differently shape the knowlede, identities, and opportunities of members of those groups

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cognitive complexity

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the number of constructs used, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to create perceptions

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person-centered perception

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the ability to perceive another as a unique and distinct individual apart from social roles and generalizations

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empathy

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the ability to feel with another person or to feel what that person feels in a given situation

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self

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a multidimensional process in which the individual forms and acts from social perspectives that arise and evolve in communication with her- or himself

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direct definition

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communication that explicitly tells us who we are by specifically labeling us and reacting to our behaviors - first in families then with peers & others

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social comparison

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comparing ourselves with others to form judgments of our own talents, abilities, qualities, etc.

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ego boundaries

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a person's internal sense of where he or she stops and the rest of the world begins

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reflected appraisal

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our perceptions of others' views of us (looking glass self)

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particular others

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one source of social perspectives that people use to define themselves and guide how they think, act, and feel (viewpoints of people who are significant to the self)

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perspective of generalized other

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collection of rules, roles, and attitudes endorsed by the whole social community in which we live

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hearing

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the physiological activity that occurs when sound waves hit our eardrums (passive)

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listening

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complex process that consists of being mindful, physically receiving messages, selecting and organizing information, interpreting, responding & remembering (active)

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mindfulness

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from Zen Buddhism, being fully present in the moment; first step of listening and the fondation of all other steps

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pseudolistening

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pretending to listen

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monopolizing

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continually focusing communication on oneself instead of on the person who is talking

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selective listening

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focusing on only selected parts of communication

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literal listening

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listening only to the content level of meaning and ignoring the relational level of meaning

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informational listening

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listening to gain and understand information; focus on the content level of meaning

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critical listening

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attending to communication to analyze and evaluate the content of communication or the person speaking

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relational listening

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listening to support another person or to understand another person's feelings and perceptions

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paraphrasing

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method of clarifying another's meaning or needs by reflecting our interpretatins of his or her communication back to him or her

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minimal encouragers

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responses that express interest in hearing more and thus gently invite another person to elaborate

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arbitrary

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not intrinsically connected to what something represents

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ambiguous

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meanings aren't clear cut or fixed

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abstract

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not concrete or tangible

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communication rules

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shared understandings of what communication means and what behaviors are appropriate in various situations

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regulative rules

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communication rules that regulate interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to talk about certain things

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punctuation

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defining the beginning and ending of interaction or interaction episodes

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totalizing

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responding to people as if one aspect of them were the sum total of who they are

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hypothetical thought

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cognitive awareness of experiences and ideas that are not part of the concrete, present situation

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dual perspective

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the ability to understand another person's perspective, beliefs, thoughts, or feelings

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static evaluation

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assessments that suggest something is unchanging or static. "Bob is impatient" is a static evaluation.

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indexing

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a technique of noting that statements reflect specific times and circumstances and may not apply to other times or circumstances

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nonverbal communication

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all forms of communication other than words themselves; includes inflection and other vocal qualities as well as several other behaviors

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kinesics

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body position and body motions, including those of the face

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haptics

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nonverbal communication that involves physical touch

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physical appearance

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physical features of people and the values attached to those features; a type of nonverbal communication

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artifacts

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personal objects we use to announce our identities and personalize our environments

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proxemics

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a type of nonverbal communication that includes space and how we use it

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environmental factors

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elements of settings that affect how we feel and act; a type of nonverbal communication

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chronemics

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a type of nonverbal communication concerned with how we perceive and use time to define identities and interaction

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paralanguage

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vocal communication that does not include actual words; e.g. sounds, vocal qualities, accents, and inflection

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silence

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the lack of verbal communication or paralanguage; nonverbal communication

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social communities

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a group of people who live within a dominant culture yet who also have common distinctive experiences and patterns of communicating

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high-context communication style

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the indirect and undetailed communication favored in collectivist cultures

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beliefs

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conceptions of what is true, factual or valid

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values

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generally shared views of what is good, right, worthwhile, and important with regard to conduct and existence

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norms

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informal rules that guide how members of a culture act, as well as how they think and feel

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dynamic

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evolving and changing over time

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invention

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the creation of tools, ideas, and practices

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diffusion

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borrowing from another culture

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cultural calamity

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adversity that brings about change in a culture

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ethnocentrism

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use of one's own culture and its practices as the standard for interpreting the values, eliefs, norms, and communication of other cultures

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resistance

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a response to cultural diversity in which the cultural practices of others are attacked or the superiority of one's own cultural traditions is proclaimed

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assimilation

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the giving up of one's own ways for those of another culture

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tolerance

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a response to diversity in which one accepts differences even though one may not approve of or even understand them

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understanding

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a response to cultural diversity in which it is assumed that differences are rooted in cultural teachings and that no traditions, customs, and ehaviors are intrinsically more valuable than others

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respect

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a response to cultural diversity in which one values others' customs, traditions, and values, even if one does not actively incorporate them into one's own life

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participation

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a response to cultural diversity in which people incorporate some practices, customs, and traditions of other groups into their own lives

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multilingual

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able to speak and think in more than one language

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interpersonal climate

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overall feeling between people that arises larely out of the ways people communicate with each other

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self-disclosure

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revelation of personal information about ourselves that others are unlikely to discover on their own

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recognition

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the most basic kind of interpersonal confirmation; communicates awareness that another person exists and is present

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acknowledgment

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the second of three levels of interpersonal confirmation; communicates that you have heard and understand other's feelings and thoughts

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endorsement

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third of three levels of interpersonal confirmation; communicates acceptance of another's thoughts and feelings; not the same as agreement

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conflict

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among people who depend on each other, the expression of different views, interests, and goals and the perception of these differences as incompatible or as opposed by the other

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overt conflict

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conflict expressed directly and in a straightforward manner

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covert conflict

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conflict that is expressed indirectly; more difficult than overt conflict to manage constructively

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stonewalling

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reliance on the exit response to conflict and refusal to discuss issues; especially corrosive in relationsips because it blocks the possibility of resolving conflicts

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closeness in dialogue

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interpersonal closeness created through communication

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closeness in the doing

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interpersonal closeness created by doing things with and for others