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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is language?
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Symbolic; words are arbitrary; we assign meaning
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What is denotative language?
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Direct, explicit meaning found in the dictionary
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What is connotative language?
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Private, personal, or emotional meaning
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What is phonological language?
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It is how sounds are combined and pronounced
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What is the syntactic rule?
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It is how words are arrange
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What is the semantic rule?
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It is agreed upon meaning
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What is the pragmatic rule?
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It is how we use language; to influence, to plan, to warn of danger
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Describe Ogden and Richard's "triangle of meaning?"
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There is an indirect relationship between the word and the thing it represents
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What are some examples for uses of language?
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1. To name, describe, classify
2. To evaluate 3. To speak about the past or future 4. To talk about language or selves |
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What are some examples for impact of language?
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1. Name/identify (shapes perceptions)
2. Credibility/status 3. Affiliation, attraction, and interest (building solidarity with others) 4. Power (increase/decrease influence) 5. Ways to decrease hesitation, hedging, tag questions, or disclaimers 6. MUST AVOID sexism, racism, and diminishing others |
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How can we choose language more effectively?
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1. Precise, descriptive, specific (avoid vagueness, relativism, abstraction, ambiguity)
2. Distinguish facts from opinions/inferences |
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What is "I" language?
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It lessens defensiveness
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What are the three steps of "I" language?
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1. Other person's behavior
2. Your feelings 3. Consequences the other's behavior has for you. |
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Define a communication or interaction rule.
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Communication or interaction rule indicates what communication behavior is obligatory, preferred, or prohibited
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What is a norm?
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Rules that are followed most of the time
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What is a disclaimer?
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An acknowledgement that a rule will be broken.
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Define disclaimer for Hedging.
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Tentative statement; willigness to accept other views; (I'm no expert, but...)
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Define disclaimer for Credibility.
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Awareness that other will react unfavorably but attempts to establish special credentials; (I like your work, but...)
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Define disclaimer for Sin Licenses.
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Awareness that rule must be broken for the greater good.
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Define disclaimer for Cognitive.
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Letting others know you have not lost touch with reality/facts; (You may think I'm crazy, but I see a ghost)
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Define disclaimer for Appeal for Suspended Judgment.
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"I know you are going to react unfavorably but wait until I tell you the whole story"
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What is nonverbal communication?
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Transmission of meaningful symbols and signals
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Distinguish between a signal and symbol?
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1. Symbol stands for something else
2. Signal stands for something else, but bound to a particular context; constitutes 80% communication behavior; reveals mostly feelings/impressions |
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What is kinesics?
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Body movement and gesturers
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What are five types of kinesics cues?
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1. Emblems - direct verbal translation (peace symbol)
2. Illustrators - accent/emphasize (pointing) 3. Adaptors - tension release (foot jiggling) 4. Regulators - help with interaction (eye contact with nod) 5. After displays - emotions (crying) |
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What is proxemics?
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Defined space between people when communicating
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What are the four space standards?
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1. Intimate - under 18"
2. Personal - 18' to 4' 3. Social - 4' to 12' 4 Public - over 12' |
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What are the three body types?
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1. Endomorph
2. Ectomorph 3. Mesomorph |
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What is the stereotypic personality for Endomorph?
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Plump, round person viewed as jolly, warm, dependent, sociable, less competent
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What is the stereotypic personality for Ectomorph?
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Tall, thin person viewed as nervous, high-strung, unsociable, and tense
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What is the stereotypic personality type for Mesomorph?
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Muscular build, athletic, medium height, seen as competent, dominant, and most popular
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What does the eyes show when Dilated and Looking?
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Shows interest
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What does the eyes show when Constricted?
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Negative feelings or embarrassment
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What does the eyes show when Eye Contact?
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Makes you seem more persuasive
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What does the eyes show when Eyes Up?
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Visual, construction
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What does the eyes show when Eyes Straight Ahead?
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Auditory
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What does the eyes show when Eyes Down?
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Feeling, kinesthetic
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What does the environment affect? Color? Lighting?
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Affects interaction and performance, aesthetics, color and lighting.
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How does touch affect us?
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Affects physical and cognitive development
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Describe nonverbal function for Repeating?
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Replicate exactly a verbal message nonverbally
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Describe nonverbal function for Substituting.
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Replace verbal code with nonverbal; emblems
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Describe nonverbal function for Complimenting and Accenting.
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Illustrating/emphasizing verbal with nonverbal gestures; illustrators
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Describe nonverbal function for Regulating.
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Help control verbal interaction through voice or eye contact; regulators
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Describe nonverbal function for Contradicting.
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nonverbal is different from the verbal message
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Describe nonverbal function for Deceiving.
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Lying; not always malicious; can be benevolent; leakage from hands and feet rather than face
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Distinguish between hearing and listening.
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1. Hearing - sound waves strikes eardrum and causes vibrations that are transmitted to brain
2. Listening - brain comprehends, interprets, evaluates and gives meaning to sounds |
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Why do we listen?
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1. To understand - comprehension and retention
2. To evaluate - assess quality, critical review 3. To build and maintain relationships 4. To help others - advice, empathy, and/or concern |
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What is a People-Oriented Listener?
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Concern with needs, emotions, relationships; can get distracted from task
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What is a Action-Oriented Listener?
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Task and goal-oriented, organization, procedure-oriented; can be impatient
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What is a Content-Oriented Listener?
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Dissects, analyzes information; can slow the process
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What is a Time-Oriented Listener?
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Keeps others on task, provides procedural direction; keeps others to time constraints
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What are the seven problems to listening?
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1. Pseudo-listening
2. Silent arguing 3. Assuming meaning 4. Mind-reading 5. Focus on the Irrelevant 6. Side-tracking 7. Defensive responding |
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What are the barriers to listening?
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1. Physiological
2. Environmental 3. Attitudinal 4. Faulty 5. Socio-culture |
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What is a physiological barrier to listening?
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1. Actual hearing deficiency
2. Memory problems 3. Rapid thought |
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What is an environmental barrier to listening?
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1. Physical distraction
2. Noise in the channel 3. Message overload |
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What is an attitudinal barrier to listening?
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1. Preoccupation
2. Egocentrism 3. Fearing to appearing ignorant |
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What is a faulty assumption barrier to listening?
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1. Assuming receiver is responsible for effective communication
2. Assuming listening is passive 3. Assuming talking is more important than listening |
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What is a socio-cultural barrier to listening?
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1. Cultural - language, norms
2. Gender - men listen for facts; women listen for reasons |
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What does A.C.T. mean?
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1. A - attitude and attention
2. C - caring and concern 3. T - Thought and time |
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How can we become better listeners?
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By clarifying the message
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How do we clarify a message?
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1. Encourage others to talk using active listening (yes, really, head nods, etc)
2. Request clarification (i.e. can you give me an example?) 3. Paraphrasing |
