Communication Disorders

Front 1

Language:

Back 1

- Made up of socially shared rules such as
o What words mean
o How to make new words
o How to put words together
o What word combinations are best in what situations

Front 2

Language Disorder:

Back 2

- When a person has trouble understanding others (receptive language)
- When a person has trouble sharing thoughts, ideas and feelings completely (expressive language)

Front 3

Speech:

Back 3

- Consist of:
o Articulation
o Voice
o Fluency

Front 4

Articulation:

Back 4

- How speech sounds are made

Front 5

Voice:

Back 5

- Use of the vocal folds and breathing to produce sound

Front 6

Fluency:

Back 6

- Rhythm of speech (e.g. hesitations or stuttering)

Front 7

Speech disorder:

Back 7

- When a person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently
- When a person has problems with his or her voice
- Fluency, Voice, Articulation

Front 8

Physical needs for speech:

Back 8

- An air source (lungs)
- Something to vibrate the air (vocal folds)
- Something to shape the sound into speech (tongue, lips)
- Something to send signals (brain and nervous system)

Front 9

Factors in changing air column:

Back 9

- Voicing
- Place of articulation
- Manner of articulation

Front 10

Voicing:

Back 10

- Whether you need your vocal cords to vibrate to produce the sound
- The more the vocal folds vibrate the thinner they stretch the higher the pitch
- Less vibration and increased thickness cause lower pitch
- The more air pressure behind the vocal cords the louder the sound

Front 11

Place of articulation:

Back 11

- Where your articulators need to be to produce the sound
- Many different types:
o Bilabial (b)
o Labiodentals (f)
o Dental (th)
o Alveolar (t)
o Postalveolar (sh)
o Palatal (ch)
o Velar (K)
o Glottal (h)

Front 12

Manner of articulation:

Back 12

- How the articulators need to be moved to make the sound
- Stops- when the air is stopped completely and released all at once (p, b, t, d, g, k)
- Fricatives- lets the air vibrate at the point of constriction between articulators (f, v, th, s, z, sh, h)
- Affricatives- combines stop and fricative (church, judge)
- Nasals- lets air go through nose (n, m, ng)
- Liquids- (r, l)

Front 13

Components of Language:

Back 13

- Form (phonology, morphology and syntax)
- Content
- Use

Front 14

Phonology:

Back 14

- Rules that determine which sounds may appear together
- How they will sound together and where they may appear

Front 15

Morphology:

Back 15

- Rules that govern the structure of the word (eg. Pluralisation)

Front 16

Syntax:

Back 16

- Rules that govern the order of words in a sentence

Front 17

Content:

Back 17

- Semantics:
o Governs meaning and the relationship between meanings, identifies nonsense

Front 18

Use:

Back 18

- Pragmatics:
o Rules for how to communicate, enter in a conversation, take turns, follow topics

Front 19

Articulation Disorders:

Back 19

- Articulation problems with certain sounds
- Can be organic (physical) or functional
- Accents can be problematic

Front 20

Stuttering:

Back 20

- Repetition of words or parts of words
- Prolongations of speech sounds
- Tense or out of breath while talking
- Speech can become completely stopped or blocked
- Interjections sometimes occur and facial grimaces are possible
- Fluency of speech problem
- Can be specific to certain activities or could occur during many activities
- Some strategies are to avoid those situations, circumlocutions or pretend to forget
- It is a neurological disorder exacerbated by stress-competing neurological messages

Front 21

Voice Disorders:

Back 21

- Hoarseness, no sound, lack of volume, no pitch control, nodules (vocal abuse), vocal cord paralysis, whispering, spasmodic dysphonia, cancer

Front 22

Alaryngeal speech:

Back 22

- Follows a larygectomy
- Uses a electrolarynx

Front 23

Dysarthria:

Back 23

- Motor speech disorder
- Affects the muscles of the mouth, face, voice and respiratory system
- May become weak, move slowly or not move at all
- May be overly contracted
- May be a problem of timing of the muscles- coordination
- Can occur after a stroke or other brain injury or a neruolgical disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Front 24

Dysarthria Symptoms:

Back 24

- Slurred speech
- Speaking softly
- Slow rate of speech
- Rapid rate of speech with mumbling
- Limited tongue, lip and jaw movement
- Abnormal intonation when speaking
- Changes in vocal quality
- Hoarseness
- Breathiness
- Drooling or poor control of saliva
- Chewing and swallowing difficulty

Front 25

Apraxia of speech:

Back 25

- Motor speech disorder
- Disorder in saying what you want to say correctly and consistently
- Damage to parts of the brain related to speaking cause it
- Can be acquired or developmental
- Makes people have trouble sequencing the sounds in syllables and words
- Not always on same sound or same words
- Not due to paralysis or weakness of muscles
- Programming problem

Front 26

Apraxia Symptoms:

Back 26

- Difficulty imitating speech sounds
- Difficulting imitating non-speech movements (oral apraxia) sticking out tongue (may occur spontaneously
- Groping when trying to produce sounds
- In severe cases inability to produce sounds
- Inconsistent erros
- Slow rate of speech
- Preserved ability to produce auto speech or “rote speech” (how are you)

Front 27

Aphasia:

Back 27

- Language disorder
- Results from damage to the parts of the brain that contain language
- Problems with speaking, listening, reading and writing
- Damage to the left side of the brain causes aphasia for most right handers and half of left handers
- May also have dysarthria or apraxia

Front 28

Lobes of the Brain:

Back 28

- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
- Cerebellum

Front 29

Signs of frontal lobe damage:

Back 29

- Consider premorbid personality
- Paralysis
- Planning, initiation, abstraction
- Emotional changes- apathy, disinhibition
- Sequencing
- Procedural memory
- Attention
- Abnormal reflexes
- Problem solving
- Perseveration

Front 30

Frontal lobe in regards to language:

Back 30

- Word finding
- Akinetic mutisme
- Broca’s aphasia

Front 31

Signs of parietal lobe damage:

Back 31

- Senses – hemianeshtesia, pins and needles
- Discrimination- senses
- Gustatory halluscinations
- Problems with body schema
- Agnosias
- Visuo-spatial problems
- Apraxias

Front 32

Parietal lobes in regard to language:

Back 32

- Verbal memory
- Anomia
- Agraphia
- Alexia
- Understanding intonation and reproducing it

Front 33

Temporal lobe signs of damage:

Back 33

- Audition (perceptions)
o Auditory agnosia, cortical deafness
o Auditory hallucinations: epilepsy
o Auditory selectivity
o Speech perception, tonal, music
- Olfactory
o Possible hallucinations
- Balance
- Verbal and nonverbal declarative memory
- Affectivity
- Organization of information

Front 34

Temporal lobe in regard to language:

Back 34

- Language comprehension
o Wernicke’s aphasia
o logorrhea

Front 35

Types of long term memory:

Back 35

- Declarative (sematic, episodic, lexical)
- Procedural (motor habits, cognitive habits)

Front 36

Types of long term memory:

Back 36

- Declarative (sematic, episodic, lexical)
- Procedural (motor habits, cognitive habits)

Front 37

Occipital lobe signs of damage:

Back 37

- Visual hallucinations
- Agnostic alexia
- Cortical blindness
- Hemianopsia
- Agraphia

Front 38

The aphasias:

Back 38

- Broca
- Wernicke
- Global
- Conduction
- Anomic
- Transcortical (motor, sensory)
- Subcortical
- Alexia
- Agraphia
- Progressive aphasia