Communicating Power Chapter 4

Front 1

Main types of contact situations

Back 1

- language maintenance (with degrees of bilingualism)

- language shift

- creation of new contact languages

Front 2

Meaning of Borrowing

Back 2

Incorporating an item from one language into another (e.g. a word, a grammatical or morphological structure or a sound)

Front 3

Contexts that give rise to language contact

Back 3

- urbanization/migration

- trade, commerce

- growing up in a different area from parents

- mixed marriages

- seasonal work

- education

- radio

Front 4

Meaning of Ethnolinguistic Vitality + 3 main factors

Back 4

= the potential/likelihood of a given language to be maintained in a contact situation

Main factors:

1. social status of speakers

2. demographic strength

3. institutional support

Front 5

Meaning of Monoglossic ideology and Pluralist ideology

Back 5

The belief that languages should be kept separate in their use >> so no codeswitching, borrowing etc.

Belief that all ways of speaking and being are valued

Front 6

Meaning of Code

Back 6

A term that can be used to refer to any kind of system that people employ for communication. Can be a particular language, dialect, style etc.

Front 7

Meaning of Multilingual discourse

Back 7

A term used to describe the use of linguistic elements from more than one variety in a conversation or text

Front 8

Meaning of Domains

Back 8

Can be particular topics, settings, contexts, speakers etc. and involve typical interactions between typical participants in typical settings about typical topics in which a language variety is generally used. It shows us that language choose and topic are related to sociocultural norms and expectations.

Examples of domains are home, work place, market place etc.

Front 9

Meaning of Code-switching and the difference between intersentential and intrasentential code-switching.

Back 9

Incorporating or alternating of two or more languages during the same communicative event.

Intersentential is code-switching whereby one language is used in one sentence or clause and another language is another sentence or clause. Intrasentential is the use of more than one language within the same sentence or clause.

Front 10

Types of borrowing

Back 10

- Lexical borrowing (nouns, verbs, adjectives)

- Structural borrowing (phonology, syntax, semantics)

Front 11

Describe the differences of situational and metaphorical code-switching

Back 11

Situational code-switching is when speakers change languages based on the situations they're in.

Metaphorical code-switching is when speakers change languages based on attitudes towards the languages concerned. E.g. for making a joke.

Front 12

Social motivations for code-switching

Back 12

To meet someone else halfway and show flexibility and openness.

Can be to assert power, express humor, indicate one's level of education etc.

Front 13

Two types of multilingual discourse: style-shifting and crossing

Back 13

Style-shifting is shifting between styles of the same language.

Language crossing is shifting into a dialect or language that doesn't necessarily belong to the speaker e.g. when you use a minority language when crossing.

Front 14

Diglossia

Back 14

Bilingualism in which codes/varieties serve different functions --> High variety (in public life) and the low variety (private/informal social domains)

Front 15

Differences between narrow and broad diglossia

Back 15

Narrow diglossia is where two varieties of a language exist side by side and broad diglossia is where two languages exist side by side.

Front 16

Meaning of Matched-guise experiment and what is shows.

Back 16

Speaker is recorded reading a passage in two or more languages and other people will listen and evaluate the recording, describing the character of the speaker through the recording. This shows that language attitudes and social stereotype exists and that people have certain associations of languages.

Front 17

Meaning of Perceptual dialectology/folk linguistics

Back 17

The study of non-linguists' beliefs about languages and about how people speak in different regions.

Front 18

Meaning of Speech/communication accommodation theory and how converge, diverge and accommodation relates with it.

Back 18

Analyzes the ways that speakers change the way they speak depending on the person they are talking to. Converge is when they adopt to similar styles of speaking to reduce the social distance, diverge is when they speak differently to increase the social distance. Accommodation means changing your speech to be more similar to the addressee and hearer.

Front 19

Meaning of Audience design theory

Back 19

Is concerned with the way speakers vary the way they speak primarily in response to an audience (who are not directly addressed)

Front 20

Explain Markedness model through explain unmarked and marked choice

Back 20

Unmarked choice = code that is expected in specific context

Marked choice = the language used is not normal to be expected.

Front 21

Meaning of linguistic landscapes

Back 21

The visual display of languages in public spaces (Signs, billboards, posters etc.) --> this reveals a lot about underlying ideologies concerning particular codes and their speakers.