Communicating In Public

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public communication

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involves a transaction between a speaker and an audience

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listenable speech

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one that is formatted in a way that when it is received it is understood by listener

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speech participants

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the speaker and the members of the audience

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speaking setting

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encompasses where the speech is given, what the time limit is, when the presentation is made, and the attitude of the audience

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purpose of the speech

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centers on the speaker's expected outcomes for the presentation

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plagiarism

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occurs when a speaker uses the ideas and words of others as his or her own without giving credit to the originator of the material

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fabrication

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making up information or guessing at information and making it appear true

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prior to the speech analysis

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work that takes place before the speech is given

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process of the speech analysis

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observing the audience for feedback

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post speech analysis

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paying attention to reactions following a speech

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audience analysis

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consists of assessing the demographics psychographic, and rhetorographic characteristics of your prospective listeners

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demographics

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your listeners' characteristics based on their descriptions and backgrounds--include such factors as age, gender, religion, ethnicity, education, occupation, and race

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psychographics

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its attitudes and beliefs--are an important consideration; profile can also be determined by analyzing the listeners

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statement of central idea

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defines the subject and develops the criteria by which to evaluate the material to be included in the speech

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goal of the speech

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expressed in terms of its expected outcome

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topic of the speech

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should be stated as specifically as possible

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method of speech development

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encompasses how you plan to approach the presentation

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modes of speech presentation

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the preparation method and reference aids to be used during the speech--impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized

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impromptu speaking

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a speaker uses information acquired from experience, speaks with little or no preparation, and organizes ideas while he or she is communicating

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ad lib speaking

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speaker has no time to organize ideas and responds immediately when answering a question, volunteering an opinion, or interacting during a question-and-answer session

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extemporaneous speaking mode

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developing a set of "talking points," such as notes or an outline, to assist them in presenting their ideas

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speech planning outline

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brief framework used to think through the process of the speech; outline contains the major ideas of the speech, without elaboration

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speech presentation outline

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flesh out the outline with examples and illustrations and write in internal summaries and forecasts

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topic outline

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has words or phrases for all entries and usually has little or no punctuation after entries

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sentence outline

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has complete sentences for all entries and usually has correct punctuation

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mind

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a method of arranging materials visually rather than in list form

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talking points

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bullet points in an abbreviated outline format that serve as a framework for the speech and are used in rehearsal session and as the notes for the actual presentation

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manuscript speech mode

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the material is written out and delivered word for word; offers the advantages of providing accurate language and solid organization; gives the speaker a permanent written record of the speech

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memorized speech mode

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a speech is written out word for word and then committed to memory

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primary sources of information

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sources that represent the original reports of the observation or research

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secondary sources of information

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sources the report, but did not originally generate, the observations or research

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supporting speech material

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should clarify a point you are making in the speech or offer evidence of the validity of the argument presented

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internal summary

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a short restatement of what has just been said in the section that you are about to leave, before proceeding to the next segment

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forecast

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a statement that alerts the audience to ideas that are coming

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signposting

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a speaker states where the listeners have been, where they are presently, and forecasts where they are going

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supplementary speech aids

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visual, audio, audiovisual, and computerized graphic

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visual aids

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appeal to our sense of sight

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introduction to a speech

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to gain the listeners' attention and orient them to the material that will be presented

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orienting material

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gives an audience the background necessary to understand the basic material of the speech

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statement of the central idea of a speech

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intended to keep the speaker on course for developing a purposeful and well-organized speech

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body of a speech

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develops through major points as well as any sub-points needed to develop the speaker's central idea

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method of arrangement for the body of a speech

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a guide selected for sequencing information for listener clarity

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spatial method of issue arrangement

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set of point of reference at a specific location and followed a geographic pattern

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time method of issue arrangement

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orders information from a beginning point to an ending one, with all the steps developed in numerical or time sequence

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topical method of issue arrangement

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a speaker explains an idea in terms of its component part

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causal method of issue arrangement

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shows how two or more events are connected in such a way that if one occurs, the other will necessarily follow

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comparison method of issue organization

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which you would tell how the two types of institutions are alike

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contrast method of issue arrangement

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developing the ideas by giving specific examples of differences between the two types of institutions

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comparison-contrast of issue arrangement

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speech that shows both similarities and differences

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problem-solution method of issue

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used when a speaker attempts to identify what is wrong and to determine how to cure it or make a recommendation for its cure

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conclusion of a speech

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can be used to summarize and/or motivate listeners to take a prescribed action

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partitioning organizational speech structural

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a deductive format in which, as the speech proceeds, the speech is partitioned into a number of points

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partitioning step

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listing of how the main issues will be presented in the speech

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unfolding organizational speech structure

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an inductive style, in which the speaker lays out supporting evidence and then draws a conclusion, leading the listeners to be drawn into the argument

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case method of organizational speech structure

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in which the speaker discusses the central idea without breaking it into sub points

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gestures

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incorporate the use of hands, body movements, and facial expressions

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eye contact

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looking into the eyes of your audience as you speak

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speechophobia

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public speaking anxiety

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informative speaking

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has been defined as discourse that imparts new information, secures understanding, or reinforces accumulated information

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speeches about objects

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describe a particular thing in detail; the object may be a person, place, animal, structure, machine, or anything else that can be touched or seen

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speeches about processes

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instruct the audience about how something works, is made, or is done so that they can apply the skills learned

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speeches about events

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inform the audience about something that has already happened, is happening, or is expected to happen

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speeches about concepts

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examine theories, beliefs, ideas, philosophies, or schools of thought.

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informative briefing

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fundamental objective to present information to a specialized audience, followed by the exchange of data, ideas, and questions among participants

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team briefing

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used in technology organizations in which design projects or project proposals must be pitched to potential clients or funding agents

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technical report

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a statement describing a process, explaining a technique, or discussing new elements to either people within a business or industry or people outside it, such as customers or researchers, who may be interested in the topic

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professional paper

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a speech in which the presenter briefs his or her audience on some findings that relate to the speaker or the listeners' area of interest

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poster session

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prepare a poster, a series of charts or a power point program that visually highlights your research or idea

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lecture

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the formal presentation of material to facilitate learning

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question-and-power session

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follows many speeches is a type of informative speech in itself

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speech of introduction

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to identify the person who will be speaking to the audience and give any other information that may spark listeners' interest in the speaker or the topic