Common Diagnoses In Peds

Front 1

characteristics/behaviors of ADHD

Back 1

- decreased attention

- hyperactive

- impulsivity

Front 2

ADHD causes impairments in...

Back 2

- executive function

- emotional function and regulation

- adapting to demands (emotional, behavioral, cognitive)

Front 3

biology of ADHD

Back 3

low dopamine receptors --> low activation of areas w attention

Front 4

ADHD leads to inactivation of...

Back 4

- prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex

- frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices

- corpus callosum, parahippocampal gyrus, basal ganglia and cerebellum

Front 5

ADHD causes difficulties in...

Back 5

- fine motor skills

- gross motor skills

- handwriting

- completing ADLs

- sensory processing

- behavior

- social interaction

Front 6

T or F: 9.4% of children in the US are diagnosed w ADHD

Back 6

TRUE

Front 7

T or F: 6/10 children w ADHD are diagnosed with another disorder (behavioral, emotional, mental)

Back 7

TRUE

Front 8

T or F: girls are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD

Back 8

FALSE, boys

Front 9

ADHD treatments

Back 9

- medications

- behavioral therapy

- school support

- behavioral skills training

Front 10

cerebral palsy

Back 10

brain injury in utero or to an immature infant brain

Front 11

T or F: while injury is static, motor impairment changes over time in CP

Back 11

TRUE

Front 12

CP can result in impairments like

Back 12

- paralysis

- spasticity

- abnormal m control

Front 13

CP affects dev of

Back 13

sensory, perceptual, and motor areas of the brain

Front 14

CP causes difficulties w

Back 14

motor coordination and motor planning, inefficient mvmt patterns

Front 15

risk factors in CP

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prenatal, perinatal, postnatal

Front 16

T or F: 1 in 323 children in the US are diagnosed w CP

Back 16

TRUE

Front 17

T or F: CP has a 1.5x greater prevalency in females compared to males

Back 17

FALSE

Front 18

CP is more common among what populations

Back 18

Non-Hispanic, African American children and low to middle income families

Front 19

CP diagnosis comes from

Back 19

a medical professional through a series of assessments

Front 20

assessments used for CP

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- medical history

- neurological examination

- motor assessments

- neuroimaging

Front 21

impairments from CP

Back 21

- atypical mvmt patterns

- m tone differences

- difficulties w hand and UE function

- sensory functions

- cognition and language

- feeding/eating/swallowing

- secondary impairments

Front 22

muscle tone

Back 22

what the m is like at rest

hypotonia and hypertonia

Front 23

how is m tone demonstrated in typical children

Back 23

having enough resistance to maintain posture and move against gravity

Front 24

spasticity

Back 24

an increase in resistance to a sudden passive mvmt, elongation of the m

Front 25

spasticity is _________ dependent

Back 25

velocity

Front 26

when might you notice spasticity

Back 26

when performing passive ROM tests and complete it too quickly, w dressing/changing, etc.

Front 27

Down's syndrome occurs in how many US children

Back 27

1 in 792

Front 28

how many out of 1200 people (children, teens, & adults) have a diagnosis of DS

Back 28

1

Front 29

what is the avg life expectancy for a person w DS

Back 29

60 years

Front 30

common characteristics of DS

Back 30

- mild to moderately low IQ

- decreased m tone

- small hands/feet

- shorter stature

- short neck, small ears, flattened of the bridge of the nose

- single palmar crease on both

Front 31

types of DS

Back 31

trisomy 21, mosaic, translocation

Front 32

secondary health conditions related to DS

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- congenital heart disease

- very low birth weight

- hearing loss

- sleep apnea

- hip dislocation

- leukemia

- hirschprung's disease

- anemia

- ear/eye issues

- thyroid disease

Front 33

interventions and supports for DS

Back 33

therapy (OT, PT, SLP), school supports, and job coaches

Front 34

T or F: brachial plexus birth palsy occurs in 0.38-3/1000 live births in the US

Back 34

TRUE

Front 35

neuropraxia

Back 35

stretching of n fibers, healing w/in 2-3 months, surgery not required

Front 36

axonotmesis

Back 36

nerve regeneration of 1 mm/day

Front 37

T or F: surgery may be required due to incomplete injury in axonotmesis

Back 37

TRUE

Front 38

neurotmesis

Back 38

cell body separated from the axon, does not allow the n to regenerate

Front 39

effects on executive function include

Back 39

problems w adaptable thinking, self monitoring, time management, self control, and setting goals

Front 40

Prefrontal and ant cingulate cortex has to due with what area

Back 40

impulsivity and regulating emotional responses

Front 41

frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices are related to what

Back 41

speech and language comp, visual perception, declarative and semantic mem, somatosensory invovled in motor planning/learning, spatial rec, memory

Front 42

inactivation of CC, basal gang, and cerebellum

Back 42

memory encoding and retrieving, posture, motor planning, regulating emotion

Front 43

medications for ADHD starts at age ___

Back 43

6

Front 44

behavior skills training

Back 44

working on social skills, parent delivered training, CBT

Front 45

prenatal RF for CP

Back 45

genetic disorders, maternal health, keritogenic agents, malnutrition, placental disruption, RH blood type incompatibility

Front 46

perinatal RF for CP

Back 46

prenatal conditions, medical problems assoc. w prematurity, periventricular leukomalacia, low birth weight, being a part of multiple births

Front 47

postnatal RF for CP

Back 47

jaundice, infections, alcohol or drug intoxication, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, trauma during or shortly after birth

Front 48

hypotonia

Back 48

impairment of m activation resulting in deficit

children w this may feel more 'floppy' and can have difficulties w swallowing, feeding, speech

Front 49

hypertonia

Back 49

impairment of m activation resulting in excess

m are stiff and difficult to move

Front 50

T or F: a baby w DS might be delayed in getting to midline, raising head, problems w feeding/sucking

Back 50

TRUE

Front 51

trisomy 21 occurs in what % of people w DS

Back 51

95

Front 52

translocation DS

Back 52

an whole or extra part of chromosome 21 that has been moved to another chromosome for attachment

Front 53

VLBW

Back 53

born at less than 3 pounds 4 oz

Front 54

what is the most common type of brachial plexus birth injury

Back 54

Erb's palsy; occurs in 38-73%

Front 55

what nerves are damaged in erb's palsy

Back 55

C5/C6

Front 56

erb's palsy common presentation is what

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waiter's tip position (shoulder IR, elbow extended, forearm pronated, wrist flexed)

Front 57

treatment for Erb's palsy

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surgery, positioning, ROM, sensory stimulation

Front 58

T or F: good hand function and limited shoulder mvmt is common for Erb's palsy

Back 58

TRUE

Front 59

TBI due to what and how

Back 59

external force to the head through falls, MVA, sports-related, nonaccidental trauma, GSW (gun shot wound)

Front 60

nontraumatic brain injuries

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stroke, seizures, anoxia, brain tumor, infections

Front 61

who is most likely to be hospitalized after senior adults

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teenagers and young adults following senior adults

Front 62

glasgow coma scale

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made up of eye opening response, verbal response, motor response

mild, mod, and severe

Front 63

with severe on glasgow coma scale children can experience what

Back 63

autonomic storming (posturing, increased HR/RR/BP, sweating)

Front 64

functional deficits w TBI

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dependent on injury, child/family/contextual factors

Front 65

in severe global injuries in TBI you see what

Back 65

axonal sheer or anoxia

Front 66

SCI

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spinal cord injury, can be bruised or torn

Front 67

SCI occurs in how many children in the US

Back 67

1.999/100,000 or 1,455 new cases per year

Front 68

T or F: girls are more likely than boys to have SCI after age 3

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FALSE

Front 69

traumatic causes of SCI

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MVA, falls, sports injuries, violence

Front 70

nontraumatic causes of SCI

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tumor, procedure, disease process (transverse myelitis)

Front 71

why are young children more likely to have a C1-C3 injury

Back 71

younger kids heads are large and more ligamentous laxity can allow displacement to occur

Front 72

complete SCI

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total loss of motor and sensory below level of injury

Front 73

incomplete SCI

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some loss of motor and sensory below level of injury

Front 74

medical complications of SCI

Back 74

- spasticity

- latex allergy

- pressure ulcers

- spine deformity

- hip deform

- low bone density

- poor temp regulation

- decreased bowel, bladder, respiratory, and cardiovascular function

- DVT (deep vein thrombosis)

- heterotopic ossification

- atonomic dysreflexia

Front 75

heterotopic ossification

Back 75

bone and soft tissue where it shouldn't be

Front 76

atonomic dysreflexia

Back 76

onset of excessively high BP, more common in SCI T6 or above

Front 77

what is used ASIA for

Back 77

used to determine m and sensory involvement

Front 78

what is the key to supporting SCI

Back 78

adapting task and use of AT

Front 79

Neurofibromatosis

Back 79

genetic disorder where tumors develop on n tissues anywhere in the NS

Front 80

3 types of NF

Back 80

NF 1 on chromosome 17, NF 2 on chromosome 22, and schwannomatosis on genes SMARCB1 and LZTR1

Front 81

NF 1

Back 81

usually diagnosed in early childhood, autosomal dominant disorder

Front 82

NF 2

Back 82

occurs in early adulthood, autosomal dominant disorder

Front 83

autosomal dominant disorder

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child of a parent affected by disorder has a 50% chance of inheriting that genetic mutation

Front 84

schwannomatosis

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diagnosed in early adulthood

Front 85

associated medical conditions occurring NF

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hearing loss, learning difficulties, pain, loss of vision, cardiovascular problems

Front 86

T or F: NF tumors are usually benign/noncancerous

Back 86

TRUE

Front 87

symptoms of NF

Back 87

- Café au lait spots

- Lisch nodules (tiny bumps on eye)

- Neurofibromas

- Bone deformities including scoliosis

- Optic glioma

- Shorter stature

- Larger head size

- Other diagnoses like ADHD and Specific Learning Disability

Front 88

arthrogryposis occurs in how many live births in US

Back 88

1/3000

Front 89

causes of arthrogryposis

Back 89

unknown but potentially low amniotic fluid, interuterine growth restriction (IGR)

Front 90

symptoms of arthrogryposis

Back 90

varies greatly, typically involves joints of the UE and LE (joint contractures), m weakness, scoliosis

Front 91

nonoperative treatment of arthrogryposis

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- OT, PT

- stretching

- positioning

-family ed

- AT

- splinting/casting

Front 92

operative treatment of arthrogryposis

Back 92

used to improve ROM to maximize function, mobility, and independence w tasks

Front 93

spina bifida occurs in how many live births in US

Back 93

1/2758

Front 94

higher incidence of spina bifida occurs in what population

Back 94

pregnancies of Hispanic women compared to non-Hispanic white and African American women

Front 95

types of spina bifida

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occulta, meningeole, and myelomeningocele

Front 96

you can reduce risk of spina bifida by

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- folic acid

- discuss meds/supplements w physician when pregnant

- avoid overheating the body

- manage other conditions

- treat fever immediately w Tylenol

Front 97

myelomeningocele

Back 97

a sac of fluid that comes out in an opening on the baby's back; part of the spinal cord and nerves are in the sac and damaged

the most serious kind of spina bifida

Front 98

meningocele

Back 98

the spinal cord and nerves are not in the sac so there is minor damage

Front 99

occulta

Back 99

small gap in spine but does not typically cause disabilities

aka hidden spina bifida

Front 100

spina bifida causes

Back 100

unknown

Front 101

treatment of spina bifida

Back 101

- OT, PT, and other medical care professionals as needed

- Addressing all areas of development and occupations, assistive technology, caregiver education

Front 102

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy prevalence

Back 102

1/3,500live male births in the US

Front 103

known risk factor for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Back 103

being born to a female carrier

Front 104

characteristics of Duchennes

Back 104

large calf muscles/pain, transition to toe walking and Gower’s maneuver

Front 105

medical complications of Duchennes

Back 105

scoliosis, cardiovascular and respiratory changes, hand contractures,swallowing difficulties

Front 106

T or F: w Duchennes you develop typically and then have a regression in skills

Back 106

TRUE

Front 107

spinal muscular atrophy prevalence

Back 107

1/6000 - 1/10,000 infants

Front 108

how many types of spinal muscular atrophy

Back 108

3; 1, 2, 3

Front 109

medical complications of spinal muscular atrophy

Back 109

dysphagia, restrictive lung disease, scoliosis, contractures, constipation

Front 110

role of OT in DMD and SMA

Back 110

- support positioning

- preserve ROM

- stretching programs

- looking to improve comfort

- maintain and/or maximize f(x)

- limit joint deformities

- AT

Front 111

T or F: DMD may require serial casting or tendon releases

Back 111

TRUE