Common Canine Pathologies

Front 1

What breeds are affected by dilated cardiomyopathy?

Back 1

Older large males, giant breeds: St. Bernard, Doberman, newfoundland

Front 2

Define cardiac afterload

Back 2

blood left in heart after it relaxes

Front 3

What are the symptoms of dilated cardiomyopahty?

Back 3

weakness, exercise intolerance (cough, lack of stamina), fainting, shock, heart murmur

Front 4

What signs of dilated cardiomyopathy might you see as a massage therapist?

Back 4

dog might not want to lie on side (they feel better standing), might wing his elbows out

Front 5

Why does dilated cardiomyopathy cause coughing?

Back 5

the heart pushes on the trachea

Front 6

Decreased systolic function of the ventricles causes what effects, and what disease is this seen in?

Back 6

decreased caridac output
increased cardiac afterload

dilated cardiomyopathy

Front 7

What is the pathology of dilated cardiomyopathy?

Back 7

dilation of all heart chambers resulting in thin, weak, flabby heart muscle

Front 8

What is the most common cause of mitral valve insuffiency?

Back 8

chronic dental disease

Front 9

What is the pathology behind mitral valve insufficiency?

Back 9

thickening of valve edges which then fail to close sufficiently during systole, resulting in the regurgitation of blood back into left atrium

Front 10

What are the effects of mitral valve insufficiency on the heart and lungs?

Back 10

left atrium dilates and causes pulmonary congestion and compression of bronchi

Front 11

What are the symptoms of mitral valve insufficiency?

Back 11

coughing, cough w/ exercise, decreased appetite, possibly swelling of limbs

Front 12

Chances of acquiring mitral valve insufficiency increase with _____.

Back 12

chances of acquiring increase with age

Front 13

What are the affects of small intestine diarrhea?

Back 13

impairment of absorptive surfaces, leading to more diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration

Front 14

How are diarrheas of the small intestine classified?

Back 14

by causative agent

Front 15

Name 5 causative agents of small intestinal diarrhea.

Back 15

1) parasitic- worms, protozoa
2) viral- parvo, distemper
3) bacterial- salmonella, clostridium
4) dietary intolerance/ sensitivity (allergy)
5) dietary indiscretion

Front 16

How is hypothyroidism primarily acquired?

Back 16

acquired by atrophy or inflammation

Front 17

What types of dogs are typically prone to hypothyroidism?

Back 17

middle aged females, goldens, dobermen, cockers, shelties

Front 18

What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

Back 18

thyroid supplementation (lifelong)

Front 19

This may indicate:

Back 19

hyperpigmentation due to hypothyroidism

Front 20

What are the signs of hypothyroidism?

Back 20

weight gain, dry, greasy skin, lethargy, hyperpigmentation, heat seeking, facial fold edema, bilateral symmetrical, alopecia, smells "wrong" (sour milk)

Front 21

This dog may have:

Back 21

Hypothyroidism. notice the dry, thin coat and weight gain

Front 22

What does this dog have? Describe cause and symptoms

Back 22

Ear mites, which lie on skin surface of external ear. Very itchy, highly contagious, "coffee ground" discharge, 3-4 week life cycle

Front 23

If you see this, expect _____. What does this material represent?

Back 23

Fleas. The black is flea dirt, usually near tail head. Very itchy

Front 24

Describe the possibe results of a tick bite.

Back 24

filters red blood cells from 5 ml of blood,
disease vector for bacterial, viral, rickettsial and protozoan diseases
local irritation
paralysis caused by neurotoxins

Front 25

Name the two types of mange, typical age groups, site of infestation and level of contagion

Back 25

demodetic- mostly young dogs, not contagious, lives in hair follicles
sarcoptic- any age, very contagious, burrows into skin and lays eggs

Front 26

Name some symptoms of sarcoptic mange, and why is it itchier than demodex?

Back 26

can't sit still, red crusty lesions

Front 27

How are both types of mange diagnosed?

Back 27

diagnosed by skin scrapings

Front 28

What condition could this be? What is happening to the skin

Back 28

ringworm, hypertrophy of the skin caused by enzymes

Front 29

Where is ringworm found?

Back 29

soil organism, contagious, carriers may not show symptoms, fungal elements remain infectious for 18-24 months

Front 30

What are the signs of ringworm?

Back 30

grey, scaly areas, mostly on the face and feet

Front 31

Anemia is usually ________ to a primary disorder. Name three general reasons for anemia.

Back 31

secondary
extravascular blood loss, intravascular blood loss, lack of production of red blood cells

Front 32

Name some reasons for extravascular blood loss.

Back 32

external- wound, trauma
internal- ulcers, bleeding tumor

Front 33

Name some reasons for intravascular blood loss.

Back 33

parasites- ehrlicia, hemobartonella (cats)
autoimmune disease- IMHA (hemolytic anemia)
-toxins

Front 34

What is the underlying mechanism for intravascular blood loss?

Back 34

red cell destruction

Front 35

Name three reasons for lowered production of red blood cells.

Back 35

1) bone marrow suppression/ cancer
2) drugs- estrogen, chemo
3) kidney disease- erythropoietin

Front 36

What is the most common hematopoietic tumor in dogs?

Back 36

lymphoma

Front 37

>85% of lymphoma cases involve:

Back 37

regional or generalized enlargment of lymph nodes (usually bilateral)

Front 38

What is the life expectancy of dogs with lymphoma? With treatment?

Back 38

4-6 weeks, >6 months with treatment (remission rates close to 90%

Front 39

What is the most common injury to the stifle and a major cause of degenerative joint disease?

Back 39

cranial/anterior cruciate ligament rupture

Front 40

How long does it take degnerative joint disease to show signs after a ACL?

Back 40

signs show as early as two weeks post injury

Front 41

Describe the two forms of cranial cruciate ligament injury and give symptoms.

Back 41

partial rupture- minor instability
complete rupture- decrease range of motion, drawer sign, can't do flexion or extension, muscle atrophy

Front 42

Half of dogs with C/ACL injury rupture the oppostie leg within ___months.

Back 42

six months

Front 43

What are the two types of surgeries for CCL rupture?

Back 43

extracapsular- clean out debris, stabilize with fishing line
TPLO- tibial plateu leveling osteotomy

Front 44

What is a common cause of such a lesion?

Back 44

mange, demodetic

Front 45

Name four things that predispose a dog to hip dysplasia?

Back 45

1) genetics
2) enviroment and diet
3) disparity between muscle mass and developing skeleton (pull skeleton "out of whack"
4) failure of soft tissue of hip to maintain joint congruity resultin in bony changes

Front 46

What are the signs of hip dysplasia?

Back 46

difficulty rising, stiffness that decreases with warm-up, pain over hip joint, lameness, waddling, muscle atrophy, bunny hopping, feet together

Front 47

Hip dysplasia is diagnosed by

Back 47

diagnoed by radiograph, OFA or PENN

Front 48

What are possible treatments for hip dysplasia?

Back 48

moderate excercise, weight control, NSAIDs, nutriceuticals, surgery

Front 49

describe the possible surgeries for hip dysplasia and the indications for each.

Back 49

1) remove head of femur, false joint forms of scar and muscle tissue <50 lbs
2) total hip replacement >50 lbs

Front 50

what is the underlying pathology of intervertebral disk disease?

Back 50

rupture of annulus fibrosis and extension of disk into spinal cord

Front 51

Name typical areas of the spine prone to intervertebral disk disease.

Back 51

lumbar (Wobblers)
caudal thoracic
cervical

Front 52

Describe the two types of intervertebral disk disease.

Back 52

Type 1- acute rupture, no pain, paralysis. Treatment- surgery
Type 2- chronic, less sever signs related to location of lesion. Pain and mild neurological deficits. steroids

Front 53

What is the treatment for degenerative myelopathy?

Back 53

rehab

Front 54

What is the underlying cause of degenerative myelopathy?

Back 54

autoimmune response to nervous system, diffuse degneration of white matter (myelin), esp in thoracic region- genetic

Front 55

What breeds tend to be afflicted with degenerative myelopathy?

Back 55

German shephard, collie, husky, lab

Front 56

What are the signs of degenerative myelopathy?

Back 56

progressive ataxia and paresis of rear legs, muscle wasting from disuse or neurogenic atrophy, no pain

Front 57

The image to the left indicates:

Back 57

anemia

Front 58

What are the signs of lymphoma?

Back 58

enlarged lymph node
weight loss
anorexia
lethargy

Front 59

What breeds are prone to lymphoma?

Back 59

boxer, bull mastiff, bassett hound, goldens