Comm Theory

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Umbrella term for all careful, systematic, and self-conscious decision and analysis of communication phenomena. (Ernest Bormann, 1989)

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Theory

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Set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things operate. (Judee Burgoon)

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Theory

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Always involve an element of speculation or conjecture

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“Set of Hunches”

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responsibility to find out

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Theorist

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integrated system of concepts.

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Scholars

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➢ Cast to “catch” what we call “world” we endeavor to make the mesh finer and finer (Sir Karl Popper, 1959)➢ Theorists: tools of the trade.

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Theories as Nets

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Theories: shape out perception by focusing attention on some features of communication while ignoring the other features, or at least pushing them into the background

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Theories as Lenses

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presents a close-up view of the site-unfamiliar territory

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Travel guide

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Disciplines

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Psychology,

sociology,

economics,

political science,

anthropology and

mathematics.

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continuously shaped research directions and interest, education and practice, utility and practicability of communication.

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Years of gestation, communication scholars, theories and educators

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Founder of Communication Study:

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Wilbur Schramm

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People behind the growth of communication

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Laswell, Lazarsfeld, Lewin, Hovland, Wiener, andShannon

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Soil that nourished communication studies

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Farmland

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Communication was studied empirically

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USA

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Several schools of thought were developed and formed theoretical conceptions

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USA

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Provided a wide array of dimension to the field of communication

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USA

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Collaborated with other disciplines for experiment, research, philosophy, and thus, later created a growth on education, theory and other research interests in communication

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USA

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Elevated communication in studying social conflicts

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European Roots

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Condition of the society greatly influenced their ideologies.

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Europe

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viewed media as a means by which social problems can be eliminated leading to incremental social change

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Empirical Scholars

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Schools of thought are under ____ in the garden approach

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Fertilizers

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imagery used to describe how communication nourished into a field

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Fertilizers

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Schools of Thought

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The Frankfurt School, The Palo Alto School, The Critical School and the Chicago School.

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pioneered parallel sessions in communication that later on conducted early studies in communication effects

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Frankfurt School

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whose perspectives is on investigating communication focusing on the principle that communication has pragmatic and behavioral effect (Wilder, 1978).

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Palo Alto School

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"they equate communication with human behavior; thus, this makes a proposition that communication is synonymous to human behavior."

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Palo Alto School

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trained scholars in philosophy and did not emphasize empirical data gathering. They collaborated with others for scholarly works.

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The Critical School

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provided a strong empirical dimension to the social science study and always seeks to improve the world by studying social problems.

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The Chicago School

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pioneered research on mass communication

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Robert E. Park

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had given opportunities and promises to advance for education and research. Began to utilize statistical methods for analyzing quantitative data, stressed the subjectivism of human communication and saw interpersonal communication as a central formation of personality

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Chicago School

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Several theorists, scholars, educators, and philanthropists who brought communication into the arena of education, research, and practice.

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Farmers

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Championed in bringing communication into the arena of research and discussions and in advancement in terms of education.

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Farmers

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Society and its predicaments

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Seeds

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The act of studying communication, particularly the history

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Harvesting Season

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Help an individual sees the opportunity of sowing another seed of learning and knowledge based from he/ she learned and discovered

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Harvesting Season

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Social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment

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Communication

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- it involves people and interactions; whether face-to-face or online

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Social

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both play an integral role in the communication process

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Senders and receivers

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Involves people who come to an interaction with various intentions, motivations, and abilities

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Social

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ongoing and unending or dynamic, complex, and continually changing. Also means that much can happen from the beginning of a conversation to the end

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Process

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an arbitrary label or representation of phenomena. Words are symbols for concepts and things.

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Symbol

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symbol represents an object

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Concrete symbols

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symbol stands for a thought or idea

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Abstract symbols

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what people extract from a message.

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Meaning

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situation or context in which communication occurs

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Environment

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Bell Laboratories Scientist and professor at Massachussetes Institute of Technology

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Claude Shannon (1949)

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consultant on projects at Sloan Foundation

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Warren Weaver

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— Described communication as a linear process.— Concerned with radio and telephone technology.— Wanted to develop a model that could explain how information passed through various channels.

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Shannon-Weaver's Linear Model of Communication

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transmitter of message

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Source

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makes sense of the message

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recipient

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- where the communication takes place; pathway to communication; corresponds to visual, tactile, olfactory and auditory senses.

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Channel

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anything not intended by the source.

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Noise

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pertains to the slang, jargon, or specialized language used by individuals or groups

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Semantic noise

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exists outside of the receiver; bodily influences on reception of message

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Physical, or external, noise

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refers to a communicator’s prejudices, biases, and predispositions toward another or the message

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Psychological noise

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refers to the biological influences on the communication process; exists if you or a speaker is ill, fatigued, or hungry

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Physiological noise

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Noise

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Semantic

Physical

Psychological

Physiological

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The Interactional Model by

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Wilbur Schramm (1954)

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emphasizes the two-way communication process between communicators.

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Interactional Model of Communication

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A person can perform the role of either sender or receiver during an interaction, but not both roles simultaneously

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yes

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the response to a message; may be verbal or nonverbal, intentional or unintentional. It helps communicators to know whether or not their message is being received and the extent to which meaning is achieved. It takes place after a message is received, not during the message itself

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Feedback

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how a person’s culture and experiences influence his or her ability to communicate with another. It brings a unique field of experience to each communication episode, and these experiences frequently influence the communication between people

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Field of experience

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B1 B2

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B1: Breakdown of relationship. B2: Democracy in action

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Simultaneous sending and receiving of messages in a communication episode.

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Communication as Transaction: The Transactional Model

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process is cooperative; the sender and the receiver are mutually responsible for the effect and the effectiveness of communication

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Transactional

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❖ Requires us to recognize the influence of one message on another.❖ An interdependency between and among the components of communication; change in one causes a change in others.❖ Presumes that as we simultaneously send and receive messages, we attend to both verbal and nonverbal elements of a message.❖ Communicators negotiate meaning

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The Transactional Model of Communication

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person A and person B having separate fields of experience, eventually the two fields merge.➢ Demonstrates an active process of understanding: for communication to take place, individuals must build shared meaning.

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OVERLAP

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Abstract system of concepts with indications of the relationships among these concepts that help us to understand a phenomenon.

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Theory

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Theory

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• Explain• Understand• Predict• Effectuate Social Change/ Empowerment

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paves and leads the way to the noble thought process of conception and conviction in the outcomes of research. Theory is the soul of research; inevitable and essential, in any field of research

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Base

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guides the researcher in every stage of research from problem formulation to data interpretation. It gives meaning to the numerical data and thereafter gives beauty to research. It serves as a base for what to look for and how.

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Guide

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- helps to carry out full-fledged research. It helps to generate hypotheses that can all be tested by research

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Foundation

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outlines communication theory in one of the more intellectually valuable ways, assisting people in understanding “themselves, their society, and their culture in a communicative way”

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Robert Craig

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Talk as a practical art

This tradition suggests that we are interested in public address and public speaking and their functions in a society. It necessarily involves elements pertaining to language and the audience.

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Rhetorical Tradition

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Rethinking whatis natural.

study of signs

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Semiotics

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Experiencing otherness.

is a personal interpretation of everyday life and activities.

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Phenemenology

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Information-processing.

tries to unravel the complexities of message meaning by underscoring the unpredictability of the feedback we receive.

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Cybernetics

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Causal linking.

uphold a cause–effect model. That is, communication theory is examined from a view that holds that someone’s behavior is influenced by something else—something social psychologists call a “variable.”

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Socio-Psychological Tradition

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From another’s view

“Our everyday interactions with others depend heavily on preexisting, shared cultural patterns and social structures”

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Socio-Cultural Tradition

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Individuals who are concerned with injustice, oppression, power, and linguistic dominance

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Critical theorists

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Advocating fairness

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Critical

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words or terms that label the most important elements in a theory

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Concepts

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are those that are not observable, such as democracy or love

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Nominal concepts

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are observable, such as text messages or spatial distance

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Real Concepts

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specify the ways in which the concepts in the theory are combined. - the ways in which the concepts of a theory relate to one another

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Relationships

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Three general approaches

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Positivistic or Empirical Approach

Interpretive Approach

Critical Approach

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approach-assumes that objective truths can be uncovered and that the process of inquiry that discovers these truths can be, at least in part, value-neutral. - advocates the methods of the natural sciences, with the goal of constructing general laws governing human interactions

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Postivistic or empirical approach

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strives to be objective and works for control, or direction over the important concepts in the theory

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Empirical researcher

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approach-views truth as subjective and co-created by the participants, with the researcher clearly being one of the participants - less emphasis on objectivity in this approach than in the empirical approach= complete objectivity: impossible

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Interpetive approach

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believes that values are relevant in the study of communication - researchers need to be aware of their own values - state them clearly for readers, because values will naturally permeate the research. - not concerned with control9

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Interpretive Researcher

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an approach stressing the researcher’s responsibility to change the inequities in the status quo - understanding of knowledge relates to power

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Critical Approach

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: believe that those in power shape knowledge in ways that perpetuate the status quo

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Critical researchers

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study of being and nonbeing, or in other words, the study of reality

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Ontology

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"the study of what it means to be human, which shapes the background understanding for theorizing about human communication”

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Ontology

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questions about how we know things - a branch of knowledge focused on how we know things

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Epistemology

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a branch of knowledge focused on what is worth knowing

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Axiology