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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Communication (also: four characteristics) |
Communication is a systemic process in which individuals interact and interpret meaning. Description Explanation Understanding/Prediction/Control Reform |
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Definition of Theory (four goals) |
“A theory is an account of what something is, how it works, what itproduces or causes to happen, and what should be the case.” |
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Standards for Evaluating Theories |
Scope - whata theory describes or explains. Testability - (most important) canclaims advanced by a theory beinvestigated to determine accuracy? (simply→ is it testable??)Parsimony - (Most curious) simple?what makes the most sense?Utility useful?does it increase knowledge/ quality of life? Heurism - doesit provoke new thoughts? ideas? questions? |
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Levels of Meaning (2) |
1. Content Meaning = words chosen to use 2. Relational Level = a. Amount of acknowledgement b. Amount of respect c. Power dynamic |
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Three Characteristics of Human Nature (Building Blocks of Theory) |
Ontology Two Extremes Determinism Free Will |
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What's the Purpose of a Theory? (Building Blocks of Theory) |
Does the Theory create laws or rules to guide? Be aware of essentialism. |
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Define: Social Constructivism |
"Social constructionism involves challenging most of our commonsense knowledge of ourselves and the world we live in. Social constructionism iscounterintuitive;it is precisely that which we take for granted which is renderedproblematic by this approach."
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Nine Hallmarks of Social Constructivism |
1. Sceptical about taken-for-granted knowledge 2. Cultural and historical specificity 3. Knowledge created and sustained by people 4. No essences 5. No objective truth 6. Language as a precondition for thought 7. We are the product of social influences 8. labeling the other side in poor terms 9. futility and danger of old thinking 10. spirituality; not arrogant religion |
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How Society Produces Belief in a Person (3 steps) |
1. Expternalization: Perceived by a person 2. Objectification: Universalization of that belief's validity 3. Internalization: belief becomes normed behavior |
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Test of Reason (Choosing and testing a worldview) |
1. Conceptual System must be logically consistant 2. Must address meta-narratives, that is, universal premises for universal systemics |
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Test of Experience (Choosing and testing a worldview) |
What we know about ourselves What does humanity know? What is on our 'not to be tolerated' list? What is the basis for the non-tolerated list? Right by Might Right by Culture Right by Individuals Right by a good God |
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Test of Practice (Choosing and testing a worldview) |
Can the worldview be lived out consistantly in the real world? |
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Define: Symbolic Interactionism |
Meanings are in people, not words |
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Signs and Symbols |
Sign: Clear reference Symbol: abstract/arbitrary/ambiguous |
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Four Key Beliefs of Mead |
1. Mind: the ability to use symbols that have common social meanings 2. Self: the ability to reflect on ourselves from the perspective of others 3. I & Me: We can both act and observe ourselves in the process of acting 4. Role taking: process of internalizing others' perspectives and viewing experiences from their perspective. (both particular and general others) |
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Define: Constructivism |
“constructivism is a theory that DESCRIBES, EXPLAINS, and PREDICTSindividual THOUGHT or COGNITION. Constructivism maintains that individuals developand use cognitive structure to organise and make sense of experience.”
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Cognitive schemata (four types) |
1. Prototypes 2. Stereotypes 3. Personal constructs (bipolar mental yardsticks) 4. scripts |
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Define: Cognitive Complexity |
cognitive complexity refers to how elaborate or complex a personsinterpretive processes are along the three dimensions of differentiation, abstraction, andorganization |
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Three Dimensions of Cognitive Complexity |
Differentiation: various methods by which a person interprets perceptions or describesanother. Abstraction: the extent to which one's interpretation describes another's internal motives,personality traits, and characteristics. Organization: the degree to which an individual NOTICES and is able to make sense ofCONTRADICTORY INTERPRETATIONS. |
