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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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roles of sender
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formulation and transmission
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roles of receiver
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reception and comprehension
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definition of language
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communicating through the use of sounds or symbols
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shared code
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both speak the same language
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symbolic
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word is symbolic of what it represents
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arbitrary
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symbols don't mean anything on their own
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modalities
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different ways of expressing:
body language sign language etc |
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rule governed
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the order of noun, subject, verb
combination of letters |
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three major brain divisions
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cerebrum
cerebellum brainstem |
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gyri
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bumps on brain
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sulci
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grooves in brain
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number of hemispheres in the cerebrum and cerebellum
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each have two hemispheres
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left hemisphere dominance
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right side control
spoken language written language number skills reasoning scientific skills |
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right hemisphere dominance
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left side control
insight 3D forms art awareness music awareness imaginiation |
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lobes of cerebral hemisphere
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frontal
parietal occipital temporal |
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frontal lobe functions
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fine and complex motor skills
speech reasoning decision making social awareness |
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parietal lobe functions
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perceiving/integrating sensory info
understanding oral/written language math computations |
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temporal lobe functions
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interpreting sounds/language
formation of memories |
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occipital lobe functions
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processing visual stimuli/info
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function of cerebellum
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coordination of movement
maintenance of muscle tone monitoring range&strength of movement |
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function of brainstem
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basic vital functions (breathing)
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components of peripheral nervous system
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cranial nerves
spinal nerves |
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components of central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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definition of acoustics
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study of sound
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definition of sound
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vibratory energy transmitted by pressure waves in air or through another medium
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definition of hearing
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perception of sound
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relationship btw wavelength and frequency
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the shorter the wavelength the higher the frequency
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relationship btw amplitude and intensity
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the higher the amplitude the higher the intensity
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relationship btw frequency and pitch
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frequency is the measurement of pitch
pitch is the psychological perception associated with frequency |
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relationship btw intensity and loudness
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intensity is the measurement of loudness
loudness is the perception of intensity |
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measurement of frequency
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Hertz (Hz)
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measurement of intensity
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decibel (dB)
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defference btw audiogram and audiobility curve
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audiobility curve: shows the threshould level for the general population
audiogram: shows the threshold level for a specific person |
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difference btw air and bone conduction
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air conduction:assesses the functional integrity of the outer and middle ear
bone conduction: assesses the function of the cochlea regardless of the status of the outer and middle ear |
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kinds of hearing losses
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-conductive: problem in outer/ middle ear
-sensorineural: problem in cochlea -mixed: both conductive and sensorineural -central/retrocochlear: problem from auditory nerve to auditory cortex |
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normal hearing for an adult
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0-25 dB HL
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normal hearing for a kid
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0-15 dB HL
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definition of threshold
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lowest level of a sound at which it can be heard by and individual 50% of the time
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four divisions of auditory system
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outer ear
middle ear inner ear central auditory nervous system |
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major components of outer ear
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pinna (auricle)
external auditory meatus/ external auditory canal |
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major components of middle ear
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tympanic membrane
ossicular chain -hammer, anvil, stapes windows eustachian tube |
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major components of inner ear
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vestibular system
semicircular canals cochlea |
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central auditory system
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cranial nerves
internal auditory canal |
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location of inner ear
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temporal bone
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function of tympanic membrane
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separates outer and middle ear
transmits sound from air to middle ear |
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function of eustachian tube
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equalizes pressure btw atmosphere and
middle ear drains mucus from middle ear |
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changes of energy of sound
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-sound enters as acoustic energy
-at middle ear it changes to mechanical energy -at inner ear it becomes hydrolic energy --at cochlea it becomes electrical energy |
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otitis media
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middle ear infection
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central auditory processing disorder
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have normal hearing!
auditory perceptual problems as result of impaired central auditory nervous systems -sound localization -auditory discrimination -pattern recognition -hearing w/ background noise |
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congenital hearing loss
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happens before or during birth
-hereditary |
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acquired hearing loss
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happens after birth
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hearing aid
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small electronic device worn in or behind the ear
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cochlear implant
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electrical device that directly, electrically stimulates the auditory nerve
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difference between hard of hearing and deaf
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hard of hearing: have residual hearing
deaf: don't hear anything, wont benefit from hearing aid |
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auditory-oral method
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reception: audition and lip reading
expression: speech best for: hard of hearing or CI kids amplification: seek best available |
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auditory verbal method
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reception: audition only
expession: speech best for: hard of hearing or CI kids amplification: seek best available |
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signing exact english method
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reception: manual communication with english grammer
expression: manual comm w english grammer best for: deaf kids w/ hearing parents amplification: some for and some against |
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total communication method
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reception: manual and audition
expression: manual and speech best for: deaf kids w/ other disabilities amplification: seek if appropriate for kid |
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bilingual/bicultural method
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belief: ASL is natural language and english taught second
reception: manual comm expression: manual comm best for: deaf kids w/ deaf parents amplification: seek if appropriate |
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diff btw ASL and signing exact english
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signing exact english has same rules as english
ASL: no plurals, diff word order, no possessive, etc |
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whos in deaf culture
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those who communicate w/ sign language, attend schools for deaf, kids of deaf parents, sign language interpreters
those who do not sure hearing/ speech devices |
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beliefs of deaf culture
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ASL favored over exact english
deafness doesn't need to be fixed strong rejection to CI or amplification rejection of oralism |
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presbycusis
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decline in hearing as part of aging process
-decline in perception of speech -decline in understanding speech w/ background noise present |
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characteristics of presbycusis
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bilateral
symmetric progressive sensorineural (cochlea) sometimes central air conduction stays the same worse in higher frequencies |
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males vs females presbycusis
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both: higher frequencies impacted more than low frequencies
male: more high frequency loss than women less loss than women in low frequencies women: flatter losses |
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2 major functions of the inner ear and the anatomical structures responsible for each
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balance: vestibular
hearing: cochlea |
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what is the most common cause of acquired hearing loss in children?
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otitis media
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what do milestones tell us?
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if the child is developing correctly or if they have a hearing/speech disorder
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why is it important to test kids for HL at an early age
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to maximize the likelihood of normal development of speech and language
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Why do children get more ear infections?
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eustachian tube is smaller and more horizontal
-its easier for bacteria to move to middle ear |
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treatment for otitis media
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-antibiotics
-surgical myringotomy and pressure equalizing tubes (PE tubes) |
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Is CAPD defined as conductive, sensorineural, mixed, or central auditory impairment?
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central auditory impairment
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what type of hearing loss does otitis media cause
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conductive
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three treatment/rehab options for hearing loss
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hearing aids
cochlear implant parent education and training |
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At what dB level does damage occur in the auditory system?
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85 dB
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Difference btw a temporary and permanent threshold shift
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temporary: lasts up to a week, usually a day
permanent: lasts life |
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noise induced hearing loss results in what kind of hearing loss?
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sensorineural hearing loss (damaged cochlea)
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what is more damaging?
high or low frequency? high or low intensity? |
high frequency
high intensity |
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can your ears get used to noise you are routinely exposed to?
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no
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definition of tinnitus
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ringing, buzzing, humming, or roaring in ear
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what is NIHL
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noise induced hearing loss
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what 3 factors influence NIHL?
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intensity
frequency duration |
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definition of phonology
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sounds to make syllables and words
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definition of morphology
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internal organization of words
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definition of syntax
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internal organization of sentences
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definition of semantics
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meaning of words and word combinations
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definition of pragmatics
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social use of language
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4 major language modalities
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verbal expression
written expression auditory comprehension reading comprehension |
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difference btw nature and nurture theories of development
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nature: humans are wired for language from birth
nurture: humans only develop language in rich linguistic environments |
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what is the critical period hypothesis
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theres a specific time period in which language learning occurs best
-before puberty -capacity to organize and reorganize itself as a result of experience -after puberty, lose plasticity of brain |
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when does language learning end
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never
-life long process of learning and refining |
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definition of language disorder
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impairment in comprehension and/or expression of symbol system
possible to be deaf and have a language disorder |
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language deficits related to SLI
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-inconsistent skills across different domains
-slow vocab development -anomia -trouble with grammer (syntax, morphology) -problems in social skills and behavior (pragmatics) |
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language deficits related to intellectual disability
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-short sentences
-small expressive vocabulary -omission of function words (I, and, then) -difficulty understanding complex commands) |
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language deficit related to autism spectrum disorders
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-trouble with pragmatics (eye gaze, proxemics, gestures, body contact0
-limited functional language -echolalia -preseveration (repetition of a specific response when it is no longer appropriate/correct) |
