Comm Midterm 2

Front 1

context factors from UCSB study: what was the findings for an 'attractive perpetrator?'

Back 1

increase in negative outcomes for aggression and fear, nothing for desensitization

Front 2

context factors from UCSB study: what was the findings for an "attractive target?"

Back 2

increase in negative outcomes for fear, nothing for aggression and desensitization

Front 3

context factors from UCSB study: what was the findings for "justified violence"

Back 3

increase in negative outcomes for aggression, nothing for fear and desensitization

Front 4

context factors from UCSB study: what was the findings for "unjustified violence?"

Back 4

increase in negative outcomes for fear, decrease in negative outcome for aggression, and nothing for desensitization

Front 5

context factors from UCSB study: what was the findings for "weapons?"

Back 5

increase in negative outcomes for aggression, nothing for fear and desensitization

Front 6

context factors from UCBS study: what was the findings for "extensiveness/graphicness?"

Back 6

increase in negative outcomes for aggression, fear AND desensitization

Front 7

context factors from UCSB study: what was the findings for "realism?"

Back 7

increase in negative outcomes for realism and fear, nothing for desensitization

Front 8

context factors from UCSB study: what was the findings for "Rewards?"

Back 8

increase in negative outcomes for aggression, nothing for fear and desensitization

Front 9

context factors from UCSB study: what was the findings for "punishments?"

Back 9

decrease in negative outcomes for aggression, nothing for fear and desensitization

Front 10

context factors from UCSB study: what was the findings for pain/harm cues?

Back 10

decrease in negative outcomes for aggression, nothing for fear and desensitization

Front 11

context factors from UCSB study: what was the findings for humor?

Back 11

increase in negative outcomes for aggression and desensitization, nothing for fear

Front 12

for the chart of context factors, what is the problem?

Back 12

1. univariate approach
2. blank spaces indicate no research
3. theorizing (not linked)
4. most research done ON aggression

Front 13

UCSB study: what are the three stipulations?

Back 13

1. animate being
2. physical harm
3. intent to harm

Front 14

UCSB study: what are the three units of analysis?

Back 14

1. violent incident (perp engaging against unique target)
2. violent scene
3. violent program

Front 15

UCSB study: coder training..

Back 15

1. roughly 150 across 3 years
2. 10/15 weeks of instruction
3. 40 hours in lab
4. most variables, acceptable agreement (.70%^)

Front 16

UCSB study: FINDINGS..

Back 16

violence is often..
pervasive
glamorized
sanitized
no punishments/ chastised
trivialized

Front 17

how many violence perps are attractive / have pro-social or heroic attributes?

Back 17

almost 40%

Front 18

how many violent acts are justified?

Back 18

44% are justified

Front 19

how much long term pain and suffering was shown?

Back 19

< 16%

Front 20

how many violent scenes feature humor?

Back 20

40%

Front 21

how many violent scenes show blood and gore?

Back 21

less than 14%

Front 22

what was bandura's hypothesis?

Back 22

child who watched an attractive person on TV receive rewards for acting aggressively would be more likely to imitate. Child who saw a character receive punishment for acting aggressively would refrain from acting aggressively

Front 23

what was the relationship, in the eron and huesmann study, of TV violence at age 8 and violent tendencies at age 19?

Back 23

r = .31, significant relationship

Front 24

what is the r coefficient in paik and comstock for antisocial behavior and tv violence viewing?

Back 24

r = .31

Front 25

what is the r coefficient in paik and comstock for aggression?

Back 25

r= .32

Front 26

what are bandura's four steps... observational learning/imitation of behaviors.... what did he need to have

Back 26

ARPM
attention
retention
production
motiviation

Front 27

what percentage of speaking characters are female in G, PG and PG-13 movies?

Back 27

only 29.2%

Front 28

how many times more likely are females to be shown in SRC?

Back 28

6x more likely

Front 29

how many females are partially nude as compared to males?

Back 29

females: 18.5%
males: 5.6%

Front 30

what is sex role stereotyping?

Back 30

ascribing characteristics, attitudes, behaviors, jobs on the basis of gender or sex

Front 31

between what ages do the majority of models begin working?

Back 31

age 13-16

Front 32

objectification theory: what is our culture?

Back 32

-heterosexual
-sexualizing to females
-mild to extreme (most extreme=rape, mild = visual gaze to females)
-common occurrence: gaze

Front 33

what is sexual objectification?

Back 33

when objectified women are treated as bodies- in particular, as bodies that exist for the use and pleasure of others

Front 34

what are the three venues of sexual objectification?

Back 34

1. interpersonal context
2. visual in the media as a body (males looking at bodies)
3. visual in the media as a body part

Front 35

what is internalization?

Back 35

-socialization
-adopt observers perspectives of self
-third person view

Front 36

what are the results of internalization?

Back 36

-increased self consciousness of how one might appear; time spent preparing
-habitual body monitoring
-state or trait

Front 37

media effects can lead to what six things (think of the chart!) that can lead to eating disorders, depression and sexual dysfunction?

Back 37

1. sexual objectification experiences
2. self-objectification manifested as body surveillance
3. greater body shame
4. greater anxiety
5. reduced flow experiences
6. lower internal bodily awareness

Front 38

what type of study was the ntvs UCSB study?

Back 38

content analysis and longitudinal

Front 39

what are the four foundations of the UCSB study?

Back 39

1. TV violence contributes to harmful effects on viewers
2. three types of harmful effects can occur from viewing televised violence
3. not all violence poses the same degree of risk of these harmful effects
4. not all viewers are affected by violence in the same way

Front 40

what is the definition of violence according to the UCSB study?

Back 40

any overt depiction of a credible threat of physical force or the actual use of such force intended to physically harm an animate being or group of beings. violence also includes certain depictions of physically harmful consequences against an animate being that occur as a result of unseen violent means.
1. accidents do not count.
2. animal violence/ emotional harm doesn't countwh

Front 41

what is the sample for the UCSB study?

Back 41

-nine month period each year from oct 1994 to june 1997
-random selection of programs on 23 different channels (determined by ping pong balls in a machine)
-monitoring of programs from 6am to 11pm (17hrs a day, seven days a week... 119 hrs a week per channel)
-sports not evaled
-channels separated into 5 categories (broadcast networks, independent broadts, public broadcast, basic cable, premium cable)
-10,000 hours of TV programming over 3 years

Front 42

how many programs have an anti-violence message?

Back 42

less than 5%

Front 43

how many violent acts show no physical harm or pain to the victim?

Back 43

half!!!!

Front 44

how many violent incidents feature physical aggression that would be lethal in real life?

Back 44

more than half

Front 45

how many violent acts are humorous?

Back 45

40%

Front 46

what type of study is hetsroni?

Back 46

longitudinal meta analytic content analysis

Front 47

what was the rationale of the hetsroni study?

Back 47

wanted to see whether violence on american tv had been consistently high through the years and - how steady

Front 48

what were hetstroni's three research questions?

Back 48

1. has the primetime network programming portrayal of body harm violence (behaviors such as murder, shooting and assault) increased or decreased during the last 4 decades?
2. has the primetime network programming portrayal of exploitative violence (rape, kidnapping) increased or decreased in the last 4 decades?
3. has the demographic composition of violent characters in primetime programmng, namely, male-to-female ratio and minorities' share, changed in the last 4 decades?

Front 49

what was the sample of the hetsroni study?

Back 49

-studies gathered from multiple reliable databased
-looked for unpublished studies
-most difficult: different researchers had different definitions of violence
-each study needed to be: content anaylsic, provides quantative estimation, mesaures requency of violent content or demographic descriptons or violent proprietor, prime time tv, on major networks, reliability coeff greater than .75q

Front 50

what are the coding categories of hetsroni?

Back 50

1.body harm violence
-shooting
-assault
-murder
2. exploitative violence
-kidnapping
-rape
-physical threat
3. demographics of violence proprietors
-ethnicity (white v . non-white)
-sex (male v. female)

Front 51

what was the result for hetsroni's RQ about body harm violence?

Back 51

frequency fluctuated over time. the two peak periods were late 1970s and mid 1990sw

Front 52

what was the result for hetsroni's RQ about exploitative violence?

Back 52

rape and physical threat peaked in the late 1970s and the mid 1990s, whereas kidnapping peaked only in the early 1980s

Front 53

what was the result for hetsroni's RQ about demographics?

Back 53

constantly seen white majority and female minoring, although the size altered over the years. the percent of caucasians and women peaked in late 1970s and again in early 1990s

Front 54

how do the findings of hetsroni align with what what public thinks, politicians say and academic experts declare?

Back 54

the findings appear to contradict

Front 55

what is pluralistic media ignorance?

Back 55

starts when the public lacks tools to indepentently estimate changes in the frequency of media contents and relies on the mass media as a source of information on the subject

Front 56

how does pluralistic media ignorance relate to the media violence debate?

Back 56

repeated publishing of results of opinion polls, op-eds, and news reports, the media left an impression that the programming is continuously staurated with violent content and strengthened the public's pluralistic media ignorance

Front 57

compare and contrast between smith and hetsroni:

Back 57

hets was a meta analysis, both were longitudinal content anal though
smith focused more on real life consequences whereas hets just focused on numbers and no real life consequences
hets was over a longer period of time, smith was just three years

Front 58

objectification theory:

Back 58

women's bodies are looked at, evaluated and always potentially objectified
very heterosexual society- men sexualize females.
THE GAZE... visual inspection of body
many sexual functions are separated out from her person, reduced to the mere status of instruments
women treated AS bodies

Front 59

the anchored drift

Back 59

common theme in advertising...
the man is usually looking at a woman who is looking off into the distance or otherwise mentally drifting from the scene

Front 60

what is emotion of shame

Back 60

evaluation of self relative to some internalized to cultural ideal and coming up shot- internalization ofa nother's gaze is essential to the experience of shame

Front 61

what are consequences for subjective experience

Back 61

emotion of shame, anxiety, appearance anxiety, safety anxiety, peak motivational states, awareness of internal bodily states

Front 62

what is anorexia nervosa?

Back 62

a routine refusal to maintain the minimum normalbody weight for a given age and height alone with a loss of 15 person, r failure to gain more thean 85% of expexted weight

Front 63

what is bulimia?

Back 63

recurrent binges in which the amount of food consumed is larger than an average person would eat, followed by purging via tecnhices like vomitting, diuretics or laxatives

Front 64

significance of harrison and haefner study

Back 64

anorexia has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatirc disorder
a 21 year long study reported a deth rate of 15.6%

Front 65

what are some complications of eating disorders?

Back 65

depression, anxiety, attempted suicide, chonic pain, infections diseases, insomnia, and cardiovascular and neurological problems

Front 66

what is the prevalence for girls and women in the UA with anorexia and bulimia?

Back 66

anorexia: from .5% to 3.7%
bulimia: 1.1% to 4.2%
EDNOS: 4.4%

Front 67

disordered eating that is extreme enough to be worthy of clinical attention may occur among how many girls/young women?

Back 67

nearly 10% in US

Front 68

thin ideal: experimental research...

Back 68

sig. drop in body satisfaction, avg size greated for participants under 19
girls (but not boys) reported greater body dissatisfaction

Front 69

cognitive processes (harrison and haefner)

Back 69

those revolving primarily around conscious thought, such as the creation or rehearsal of attitudes and beliefs around the world and the self in relation to the world.

cultivation, social comparison and thin ideal internalization

Front 70

what is cultivation (h&h)

Back 70

exposure to television inflences viewers' normative beliefs about the world

Front 71

What are the moderators of the effects of the thin ideal media?

Back 71

GGARBS
G- Genre (assesments of one's own body are encouraged by exposure to matieral that makes salient the shapes and sizes of others' bodies)
G- Gender (girls appear to be more vulernable to the effects of exposure to thin-ideal media, but media that focus on a muscular male body may activate uniquely male insecurities)
A- Age (high schoolers are as vulnerable as college students to the effects of ideal-body media exposure)
R- Race (stronger effect for white, angle rather than african american/latina because depictions of bodies of color are becoming increasingly thinner in mainstream media, ethnic gap is closing
B- Body Image Disturbance (individuals who are dissatisfied with their bodies prior to a thin-ideal media encounter tend to be more negatively ffected by images of the thin ideal)
S- Social Support (more social support for peers/parents can decrease the adverse effects of exposure)