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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is perception?
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process by which you become aware of objects, events and especially people through your senses
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what are the 5 stages of perception?
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- you sense some kind of stimulation; - you organize the stimuli in some way; - you interpret and evaluate what you perceive; - you store it in memory; -you retrieve it when needed
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What is the temporal rule?
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messages communicated by a person's time orientation and treatment of time
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How do you perceive through similarity?
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perceive things that are physically alike or have other similarities
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How do you perceive contrasts?
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when items are very different from each other you perceive that they don't belong to each other
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What is schemata?
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mental templates or structure
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What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
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occurs when you make a prediction o formulate a belief that comes true because you made the prediction and acted on it
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What is perceptual accentuation?
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leads you to see what you expect or want to see
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Define projection.
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psychological processes whereby we attribute characteristics or feelings of our own to others
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What is attribution?
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the process by which you try to discover why people do what they do and even why you do what you do
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This theory deals is concerned with the processes through which we attempt to understand the behaviors of others.
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Attribution Theory
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What are the 4 principles in the attribution theory?
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Consensus, Consistency, distinctiveness, controllability
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Define consensus.
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we attempt to establish whether other people react or behave in the same way as the person on whom we are now focusing
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Which characteristic of attribution deals asks if a persons acts the same way in different situations?
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distinctiveness
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What does controllability deal with?
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The degree to which a person is in control of his/her behaviors
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Define self-attribution.
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a process through which we seek to account for and understand the reasons and motivations for our own behaviors
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What is overattribution?
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attributing everything a person does to one or two obvious characteristics
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Define interpersonal perception.
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our perception of people, the processes through which we interpret and evaluate people and their behavior
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What is perception thinking?
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exploring further the thoughts and feelings of the other person, one way to lessen your chances of misinterpreting another's feelings
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What are the 5 importances of listening?
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learning, relating, influencing, playing and helpin
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What are the different steps in the process of listening?
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receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding
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What is assimilation?
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the tendency to integrate and interpret what you hear or think you hear to conform to your own biases, prejudices and expectations
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What are the 5 strategies for a healthy relationship?
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committment, conscious attention, respect, trust, bonding
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What is the involvement stage?
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normally follows the contact, the individuals get to know each other better
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What is the frienship of reciprocity like?
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the ideal type characterized by loyalty, self-sacrifice, mutual affection, and generosity, based on equaliy
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What is friendship of receptivity?
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Imbalance in giving and receiving, one person is primary giver and one person is primary receiver
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Describe friendship of association.
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no great loyalty, no great trust, no great giving or receiving (cordial but not intense)
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What is the attraction theory?
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People form relationships on the basis of attraction
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Which principle of attraction holds that we are attracted to similar qualities that we have and to people who are similar to ourselves?
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Principle of similarity
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Which principle of attraction states that we are attracted by qualities that we do not posses or that we wish to posses and to people who are opposite to who we are?
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Complementarity principle
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What is the reinforcement theory?
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points out that you are attracted to people who give you rewards or reinforcements
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What is the social exchange theory?
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claims that you develop relationships that will enable you to maximize your profits
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What is the comparison level?
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general idea of the kinds of rewards and profits that you feel you ought to get out of such a relationship
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Describe the equity theory.
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a theory of interpersonal relationships claiming that we experience relational satisfaction when there is an equal distribution of rewards and costs between the two persons in the relationship
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What are the small group stages?
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1. opening 2. feedforward 3. business 4. feedback 5. Closing
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Which type of small group arrange themselves in a circular or semicircular pattern?
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Round Table
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Which type o small groups members are "experts" but participate informally and without any set pattern of who speaks when?
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Panel
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Which type of group has each member deliver a prepared presentation much like a public speech?
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Symposium
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What are the group norms?
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rules or standards of behavior identifying which behaviors are considered appropriate and which are considered inappropriate
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what is the role?
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The part an individual plays in a group; an individual's function or intended behavior
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What is brainstorming?
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technique for bombarding a problem and generating as many ideas as possible
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What is a personal growth group?
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aimed to help particular members cope with particular difficulties
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What is an encounter group?
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tries to facilitate growth and the ability to deal effectively with others
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What is an assertiveness-training group?
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aims to increase the willingness of its members to stand up for their rights and to act more assertively in a wide variety of solutions
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what are the aims of a consciousnes-raising group?
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aims to help people cope with the problems society confronts them with
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What are educational/learner groups?
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the members pool their knowledge for the benefit of all
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What are focus groups?
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small groups assembled for a kind of in-depth interview; the aim is to discover what people think about an issue or product
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What is a problem-solving group?
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a collection of individuals who meet to solve a problem or to reach a decision
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What is the problem-solving sequence?
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1. define and analyze the problem 2. Establish criteria 3. Identify possible solutions 4. Evaluate solutions 5. select the best solutions 6. Test the selected solution
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What is active listening?
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putting together into some meaningful whole your understanding of the speaker's total message
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What are three simple techniques to help you master the process of active listening?
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paraphrase the speaker's meaning, express understanding of the speaker's feelings, ask questions
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What is critical thinking?
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the process of logically evaluating reasons and evidence and reaching a judgement on the basis of analysis
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What is a nominal group?>
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a method of problem-solving that uses limited discussion and confidential voting to obtain a group decision
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Define quality circle.
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a group of workers whose task is to investigate and make recommendations for improving the quality of some organizational function
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What are the 12 specific group task roles?
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initiator-contributor, information seeker, opinion seeker, information giver, opinion giver, elaborator, coordinator, orienter, evaluater-critic, energizer, procedural tecnician, recorder
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What are the 7 roles of group building?
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encourager, harmonizer, compromiser, gatekeeper-expediter, standard setter, group observer, follower
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What do individual roles do?
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counterproductive, hinder group's productivity and member satisfaction
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Define leadership.
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the quality by which one individual directs or influences the thoughts and/or the behaviors of others
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What is the agenda?
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a list of the tasks the group wishes to complete, itemized listing of what the group should devote its attention to
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What does perception involve?
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Selecting, organizing, and interpreting information in order to give personal meaning to the communication we receive
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How does selection in the perception process occur?
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the brain focuses on some stimuli while ignoring others
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What is in the theory of constructivism?
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personal constructs, prototypes, stereotypes, scripts, perceptual shifts and rules
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What are the different types of rules in perception?
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closure, proximity, familiarity, simplicity, figure and ground
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What is the Law of Simplicity?
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Items will be organized into simple figures according to symmetry, regularity, and smoothness
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What is the law of figure and ground?
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the ability to distinguish objects based on contrasts
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What does interpretation stand for?
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the assigning of meaning to stimuli which, in turn, influences our communication (context, identification, evaluation)
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What is the self-monitoring theory?
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regulating your behavior so you "look good" to others so they will perceive you in a favorable manner
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What are some high self-monitoring behaviors?
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comparing your behavior againsta standard, high concern with social appropriatness of one's actions, use social comparison info, ability to monitor one's behavior to fit different situations, ability to do this in specific situations, trait variability
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What are the advantages of working in groups?
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relationships with people, more info than individuals, stimulates creativity, remember what you discuss, more satisfied with decision, better understanding of yourself
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What are the disadvantages of working in small groups?
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members rely on others to get job done, pressure to conform to majority opinion, individual may dominate discussion, takes more time, personality clashes, potential for groupthink
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Define small group.
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A collection of individuals who are connected to one another by some common purpose and have some degree of organization among them
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How many are generally in small groups?
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usually 5 at the smallest, 12 at the greatest
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How many people in a small group will be the most efficient?
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5-7
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Why is it good to mix male and female?
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To balance task and relations as well as foster more communication and motivation
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What number is best for intellectual decisions?
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5-no ties
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What are the three types of groups classified according to goals?
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Individual goals-primary groups; group goals-secondary groups; individual/group goals-online or virtual groups
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What kinds of communication networks are there?
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all-channel networks, wheel network, chain network
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What are 5 characteristics of small groups?
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size, norms, interdependence, cohesion, and roles
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What are norms?
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behavioral expectations for the entire group, formed around certain types of interaction
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What are several types of norms?
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social, procedural and task norms
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What is interdepedence?
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Groupness
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What are the 5 reasons why people join groups?
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Attention/affiliation; help achieve goals; provide sources of info/knowledge; need for security against threat; contribute to social identity
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What are roles based on?
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what individuals contributes to group process and functioning
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What are the types of roles?
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Task accomplishment-get jobs done; team/group maintenance-relationship; dysfunctional-self-centered
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Who are more task-oriented?
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Males
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Who are more relationship-oriented?
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females
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When is it a good choice to work in groups?
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working on problems with several solutions, conducting more thorough investigative research, correcting misinformation, thinking of issues that might be overlooked, understanding procedure is greater, the problem is complex
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When is it not a good choice to work in a group?
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pressure to conform, when there is time pressure, when personal agendas exist
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When do individuals work best?
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There is a best solution, conditions are rapdily changing, and it's difficult to work as a team
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