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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Casual or Social groups
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An extension of our primary group relationships. ex: sorority, teams, street gangs
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Learning or Educational groups
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Groups that come together to teach or learn something about a given topic. ex: quaterback club, film groups, seminars
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Risky Shift phenomenon
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tendancy of people to increase their willingness to take risks as a result of group discussion
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Groupthink
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refers to a problem-solving process in which ideas accepted by the group are not really examined and opposing ideas are surpressed
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4 phases of group developement
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1) Forming, 2)Storming, 3) Norming, and 4) Performing
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Forming
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Begins before first meeting of members. Members begin process of separating themselves from attachments that could interfere with group, and members attempt to learn about group and other members
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Storming
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Assertion of individuality. Group loses part of its identity: confusion over goals increases and minimal work is accomplished
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Norming
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Levels of "balance" in response to storming. (Not resolved but group cohesion)
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Performing
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Period of concensus and maximum productivity
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Nominal Group Technique
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1) Silent (independant) generation, 2) Round robin, 3) Discussion, 4) individually rate, 5) Clarification of vote, 6) Final ranking of ideas
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Extrinisic Credibility
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Credibility a source is thought to have prior to delivery of message
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Intrinsic Credibility
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Image that a speaker creates as a direct result of their speech
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Impromptu Speech
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Little preparation. Positive- maximum spontaneity. Negative- lack of planning
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Reading Manuscript
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Opposite impromptu, requires complete preparation. Positives- Extremely concise, chance of being misconstrued is minimized. negatives- unnecessarily long prep time
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Memorized Speech
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Planned, written, committed to memory. Positive- free to look at audience. Negative- Often robot-like, can be forgotten
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Extemporaneous Speech
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Planned and Spontaneous (minimal notes). Positives- well prepared yet flexible, suited for feedback
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Assimilation Effect
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Listener tends to accept (assimilate) the change in attitude urged by speaker
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Backlash, Boomerang, and Contrast effect
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Negative reaction on part of listener
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Two sided arguement
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Provides both sides of an arguemtn, best for skeptical audiences
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One Sided arguement
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Only provides one side of an arguement, best for poorly educated audiences so they do not become confused
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Inoculation Theory
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More effective than support in building up a resistance because listeners are exposed to a weak version of the oposing arguement. They tend to develope an immunity to later argument favoring that side (just like body builds resistance to diseases when inoculated)
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3 Functions of Communication
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1) Command, 2) Relational, 3) Ambiguity- Management
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Command Function
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Issue, receive, and act on commands: take directions and give feedback
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Relational Function
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Create and maintain productive business and personal relationships with other members of the organization (affects job satisfaction)
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Ambiguity- Management Function
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Members talk with each other in an effort to structure the environment and make sense of new situations by gaining and sharing information
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Leader- Member Exchange theory
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Relationship between the employee and the leader is influenced by both parties, and the leader developes a different relationship with each employee
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Supervisory
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leads to higher lmx score and more productivity and creativity
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Supportive
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Leader is helpful, encouraging, keeps informed, praises, explains, and rewards
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Noncontrolling
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Leader doesn't check in or force his way, gives chances, and leaves important decisions to employee
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Trust (Two Types)
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Cognitive and Affective
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Cognitive Trust
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Approaches with professionalism and dedication, no doubt, relies on person
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Affective Trust
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Sharing relationship, talks freely, shares problems and gets caring response
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Downward Communication
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Initiated by organization's leader then filters downward through "chain of command"
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Upward Communication
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Process where the ideas, feelings, and perceptions of lower-level employees are communicated to higher levels in the organization
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Packaging
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Presenting ideas with data and prepared charts that convey a logical arguement to show how this effort will support the bottom line
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Involvement
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People support what they feel they are apart of: most common approaches to involvement include committees, task forces, and teams
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Process
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Effective timing, informal systems and key people (not designated leaders, but people who have others respect)
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Horizontal Communication
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Exchange between and among people on the same level of the organization
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4 functions of horizontal communication
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1) Task Coordination, 2) Problem solving, 3) Info Sharing, 4) Conflict resolution
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Types of message change (rumor)
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1) Leveling- Some details omitted, 2) Sharpening- exaggeration of some parts of the rumor, 3) Assimilation- they way people distort the message to accord with their own view of things
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Mass Communication
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A special kind of communication that involves distinctive characteristics of the audience, communication experience, and communicator
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Audience (of mass comm.)
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Diversified, large, unknown to source
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Experience (of mass comm)
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public, rapid, fleeting
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Source (of mass comm.)
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works with complex organization, not in isolation, and the message reflects the efforts of many individuals
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Gatekeeper
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A person who, by selecting, changing, and/or rejecting messages can influence the flow of info to receivers
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Embeds
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Journalists placed in individual military units who live and travel with troops
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Unilateral
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Individual Journalists
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Opinion Leaders
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someone who influences someone else's opinions and decisions fairly regularly
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Two Step Model
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Info passed from mass media to certain opinion leaders then to population
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Selective Exposure
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tendency to choose communication that will confirm your own opinions, attitudes, and values
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Selective Attention
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Receiver processes some of the available stimuli while filtering out others
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Agenda-Setting theory
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Pres tells us what to think about by establishing the relative importance of certain issues
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Framing
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Choosing a broad theme for selecting, emphasizing, and linking elements of a story
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Cultivation Theory
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The more TV you watch, the more your world view becomes similar to beleifs, values, and attitudes you see on tv
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Mean World Syndrome
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Set of attitudes that the world is a relatiely mean and dangerous place
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Third-person effect
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We perceive others as a more influnenced person by media content than we are ourselves
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Spatial Order
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Refers to physical or geographical layout
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Cause and Effect Speech
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Two parts: the cause (why) and the effect (impact)
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Problem-Solution Speech
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Two parts: The problem and the soltuion
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Topical speech
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Subject can be grouped logically into sub-topics
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Introduction
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Opening statement. Get attention by: Humor, example, reference, importance, startling info, or personal experienec
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Conclusion
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Closing Statement. Ties speech together and gives the audience a completed feeling. Summarize, quote, inspire
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Public Speaking Anxiety
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Disturbance of mind regarding a forthcoming speaking event
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Dealing with Nerves
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Remeber: experienced speakers still get nervous, nerves don't need to be an enemy, only you know you're nervous.
Tips: Prepare, be positive, visualize, anticipate, focus, gain experience |
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Conversational Quality
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talk to audience as if you were talking with another person
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Immediacy
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Communicator is copletely focused on communication situation
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How You Look (what's important)
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Appearance, body language, eye contact, facial expression, gestures, posture
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Pace
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How fast or slow speaker speaks
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Inflection
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Related concept to change in pitch to emphasize
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Monotone
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No variation in voice
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Enunciation
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Atriculation + Pronunciation
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Articulation
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Ability to pronounce letters in word
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Pronunciation
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Ability to pronounce whole word
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Visual Support (types)
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chalkboard (whiteboard), actual object, models, posters, diagrams, charts, tables and graphs, computer graphics, videos, handouts
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Rules for visual aides
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1) They Support, not replace your speech
2) Only show it when ready for it (dont leave it up) 3) Check to make sure it can be easily displayed 4) Practice with it 5) Talk to audience not to visual |
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Infomative Speech
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Defines, claifies, instructs, and explains
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Goals of Information speaker
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Increase understanding, getting attention, helping retention
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Types of Information Speech
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Objects, processes, events, concepts, overarching principals
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Strategies of Informative Speech
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Define, Describe, Explain
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Getting listeners attention for informative speech
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Arouse curiosity, present anecdotes, build anticipation, build suspense
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Peruasuasion
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trying to change others attitude or behavior
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Values
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Ideas we have about what is good and bad and how things should be (guiding principals)
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Beliefs
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Statements of knowledge, opinion, and faith
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Attitudes
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predispositions to respond favorably of unfavorably toward a person, subject, or situation
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Stategies for persuasive speech
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Determine your purpose, analyze audience, appeal to logic, appeal to emotion, use research, choose language carefully, use credibility
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Appeal to logic
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deductive reasoning- moves form general to specific, inductive= specific to general, casual= pertains to a cause and uses the word because
analogy= if this..than that fallacy= flawed in logic so it must be false |
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Appeal to emotion
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needs, desires, wants and wishes.
Hierarchy of needs: physiological > Safety> Belongingness & Love> Self-esteem> Self Actualization |
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Credibility
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Competence= possesses special ability, skill or knowledge. Dynamism= enthusiasm and energy. Character= Integrity (loyal). Caring= concerned with welfare
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Question of fact
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Answer true or false with a yes or no
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Question of value
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Relative merit =, choose between things, ideas, beliefs or actions, and then explain why
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Question of Policy
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Specific courses of action, contain words as Should, Ought to, Have to, or must
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Motivational Sequence
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1) Attention, 2) Need, 3) Satisfaction, 4) Visualization, 5) Action
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Social Proof
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we view a behavior as correct in a given situation to a degree that we see others performing it
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Liking
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people prefer to say yes to people they know and like
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Frame semantics
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Theory that words automatically bring to mind bundles of ideas, narrative, emotions, and images (type of political language)
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Elaboration liklihood model (ELM)
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Much political communiation relies on heuristic processing like
1) Soundbite culture (8 sec) 2) Horserace Commentary 3) Information poor medium 4) TV focused on visuals not info |
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First vs. Second level agenda setting
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How we form an issue affects how we see it
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Cultivation Theory
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How TV alters they way we view the world. The "invisible" nature of tv (the way you see the world)
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WIIFM
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Every audience asks "what's in it for me?"
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Arousal
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Interruption > arousal > no substitute responses > emotional experience
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Mesh
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Good relationships are measured by "meshedness," but the more meshed you are the more likely you are to take the relationship for granted
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Weapons of Influence
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Commitment is key!
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