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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aversive consequences |
Possible outcomes that a person would want to avoid; a necessary condition for dissonance to occur.
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Balance theory
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The oldest of the consistency theories, sometimes referred to as the P-O-X theory.
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Cognitions
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Bits of knowledge individuals have stored in their minds.
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Cognitive dissonance
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An aversive motivational state that people are motivated to eliminate.
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Cognitive dissonance theory
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A consistency theory that emphasizes consistency among cognitions.
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Cognitive overlap
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The similarity of the choices available. The greater the similarity, the greater the cognitive overlap.
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Congruity theory
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A consistency theory that introduced the idea of attitudes existing on a continuum.
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Consonant relationship
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Two cognitions that are consistent with one another.
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Counter-attitudinal behavior
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A behavior that is counter, or against, the attitude one holds.
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Decision making
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A context for dissonance; after making a decision, people often experience cognitive dissonance.
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Dissonance reduction
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The process a person engages in to reduce cognitive dissonance that involves one or more of the following: change the behavior, change the ratio, change the importance, denial, bolstering, transcendence, and differentiation.
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Dissonant relationship
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Two cognitions that are inconsistent with one another.
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Effort justification
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Dissonance that results from enduring much or working hard to obtain a less than perfect outcome.
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Freedom of choice
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A necessary condition for dissonance to occur; the receiver needs to freely choose to engage in the dissonance-arousing behaviors.
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Hypocrisy
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Situations in which an individual is reminded of his or her current attitude toward an issue and then reminded that his or her behavior is not consistent with the attitude he or she holds.
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Induced compliance
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When dissonance results from being induced to perform a counter-attitudinal behavior.
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Insufficient external justification
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A necessary condition for dissonance to occur; there must be little external (as opposed to internal) reason for engaging in the dissonance-arousing behavior.
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Irrelevant relationship
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Two cognitions that a person perceives as unrelated to one another.
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Magnitude of dissonance
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The amount of dissonance experienced.
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Maximum simplicity
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An assumption of congruity theory; it is easier for us to hold and maintain strongly held attitudes positioned toward the ends of the continuum than it is to hold neutral or less strongly held attitudes.
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Point of equilibrium
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An assumption of congruity theory that when two attitude objects are linked by an assertion and differ in evaluation, a tendency or pressure exists for each evaluation to shift toward one another. |
