Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
3 Criticisms of advertising targeting children
|
1. Creation of desires that cannot be fulfilled.
2. Creates tension when a parent says no. 3. Children are shown an unrealistic view of the world. |
|
|
Lenore Weitzman, content analysis of children’s books
|
-There are many more male characters and the characters abide to strict gender rules.
|
|
|
Gatekeeping (review)
|
The ability of news editors to select what information and what stories are shown.
|
|
|
Agenda setting (review)
|
- the medias ability to focus public attention and create “ideas in our heads”.
|
|
|
Prior restraint (review)
|
- government restriction of speech before it is made.
|
|
|
Pentagon Papers case
|
-shows a history of military involvement in Vietnam (1945-1967)- leaked on front page of new york times.
-no prior constraint -New york times won was a victory for free speech. |
|
|
Content analysis
|
- a technique where researchers systematically choose samples of mass media and examine certain aspects about it; quantitative. (Ex. 20% of news stories involves fires.
|
|
|
Longitudinal study
|
– Observing same people over long period of time
|
|
|
Parasocial relationship
|
- the disillusionment that a viewer has where there friendship with the media persona seems real.
|
|
|
Social construction of reality
|
– Through interpersonal interaction a group of people form concepts of peoples actions. people's conception (and belief) of what reality is becomes embedded in the institutional fabric of society.
|
|
|
Albert Bandura’s studies of effects of violent TV or film on children
|
-Found a causual relationship between TV violence and subsequent aggression in real life.
|
|
|
Lefkowitz’ study of TV and adolescent aggression
|
-Children who are unpopular when they are 8 end up being unpopular when they are 18 and watch more TV, as they grow older.
-The more teenagers liked violent programs, the more realistic they thought the program was. -Boys with lower IQ’s were more likely to watch TV violence and be aggressive. |
|
|
1972 Surgeon General’s Report on effects of TV violence on children
|
-60 studies found causal relationship between TV violence and subsequent aggression in real life.
|
|
|
Conditions under which violence is most likely to be modeled
|
-Priming theory – holds that memory is a collection of networks representing thoughts and feelings
-General aggression model – holds that many short-term exposures to violent media will be associated with increases in aggression over long-term creates aggressive personality -Catalytic – TV violence has no effect except to trigger certain unstable individuals into violent action |
|
|
Gerbner, type of programs, which contain highest frequency of violent acts
|
-Children’s programs.
7 incidents of violence an hour |
|
|
Violence Profile
|
-When social power is portrayed by violence in media. Like blacks are usually the ones being victimized by violence showing social weakness while whites are the perpetrators showing social power
|
|
|
Three hypotheses on effects of TV violence
|
1. Catharsis- TV violence provides a harmless outlet for frustration and will therefore make people less violent
2. Aggressive Stimulation- TV violence increases aggressive behavior in children and desensitizes adults to real life suffering. 3. Catalytic- TV violence has no effect except to trigger violent reactions in unstable people. |
|
|
Effects of programs such as The Doomsday Flight, Fuzz, Born Innocent, The Deerhunter or Taxi Driver
|
-Effects: TV violence has no direct effect on people’s actions, however it can trigger unstable people into committing violent acts.
-TV had a very significant effect. |
|
|
The Killing Screens: characters most often portrayed as victims of TV violence (video shown in class)
|
-Most: Women- Minority Women- Older women.
|
|
|
Conclusions of Brandon Centerwall regarding TV violence, homicides and violence as a public health issue
|
-Conclusion: Homicide rates doubled in both Canada and the USA 10 to 15 years after TV was introduced.
|
|
|
Effects on rate of violent crime in real life after major news coverage
|
-If media gives great publicity to violent acts, violent crimes increase in United States
|
|
|
Parents’ Television Council
|
- their goal is to “promote and restore responsibility to the entertainment industry. They seek to inform parents of television shows they consider beneficial or harmful; they launch campaigns about what they consider harmful.
|
|
|
Paul Lazarsfeld’s two-step flow theory of communication effects (media influence works in two stages)
|
1. Facts and opinions of the media are picked up by people who use the media frequently.
2. These people act as opinion leaders when discussing media content and influence their audience (another step away from actual content). |
|
|
Media buyer
|
- responsible for selecting the best media platform for advertisement.
|
|
|
Account executive
|
- appointed for by every advertiser to handle specific cases; moves information between the agency and the client and makes sure production, distribution and exhibition activities go as planned.
|
|
|
Creative director
|
- Individuals whose work directly relates to the creation of their firm’s media material.
|
|
|
American Association of Advertising Agencies
|
- their purpose is to establish standards of ad-business behavior and act as an advocate for the industry with government regulators.
|
|
|
National Advertising Review Board
|
- cases of advertisers misleading the audience is taken to them; made up of industry practionionaires. They act as a referee, show the public their findings and make suggestions on how to change the advertisement.
|
|
|
Better Business Bureau
|
- a private organization that reports information on business reliability, alert the public with news and act as an intermediary between consumers and business’s to resolve disputes.
|
|
|
Definition of subliminal messages
|
-A hidden or covert message that is designed to pass below the normal level of human conscious.
|
|
|
Problems with research on effectiveness of advertising done by ad industry
|
-It's hard to gauge people's reactions to advertising? (No idea)
|
|
|
What do advertisers want you to remember about their products?
|
-The Brand Name?
|
|
|
Vance Packard, The Hidden Persuaders
|
– aroused public anger over subliminal persuasion. Manipulate expectations of the consumers and induce desire for products. Questions morality of using these techniques.
|
|
|
FCC regulations regarding subliminal messages in advertising
|
-The FCC will revoke any company’s broadcast license if subliminal messaging has been proven. It's illegal
|
|
|
Original purpose of Federal Trade Commission (FTC) when Congress created it
|
-Police unfair competition among businesses and protect businesses from false claims by their competitors.
|
|
|
FCC actions regarding subliminal messages
|
-It's illegal to broadcast something that's under the thresh hold of human conciousness
|
|
|
Legality of subliminal messages in print media and broadcast media
|
-It is legal
|
|
|
Legality of Dr. Hal Becker’s subliminal soundtrack for anti-theft use
|
-It is legal
|
|
|
Public reaction to Birth of a Nation
|
-12 states barred it from exhibition.
-Protests and demonstrations where it was shown in Northern States. -Full-scale riot in Boston |
|
|
Legitimization
|
- Print ads which contain a barrage of images of violence against women have the effect of making such violence appear “legitimate” or acceptable in real life.
|
|
|
Objectification
|
- women are reduced to certain parts of their body and the effect is dehumanization.
|
|
|
Roth v. United States: Is obscenity protected by First Amendment?
|
-Makes the standard of obscenity that of the average person, applying contemporary standards; made sex more free (not all sex is obscene).
|
|
|
Miller v. California
|
– created a system of distinguishing pornography. Three Standards
1. An average person must find the work reflects an obsessive interest in sex. 2. Has to portray clearly certain sexual conduct described as unallowable by state law. 3. An average person must agree that the work lacks any literary, artistic or political use. |
|
|
Burstyn v. Wilson (review)
|
-The Supreme Court reversed the ruling that movies, being entertainment, should not be protected by the first amendment.
|
|
|
Definitions of obscenity and indecency?
|
-Obscenity: offensive to accepted standards of moral decency or modesty.
Can be completely banned Not protected by first amendment -Indecency: Can be partially blocked, protected by first amendment May not be aired during times when children may be watching. Can't be aired between (6AM-10PM) |
|
|
Conclusions of 1986 Meese Commission regarding effects of pornography
|
-Showed a causal relationship between violent pornography and violence against women in the real world.
|
|
|
Effects of pornography when legalized in Denmark
|
-Increase in sex crimes.
|
|
|
Ed Donnerstein’s research on effects of violent pornography (?)
|
1. Men give more intense shocks after viewing porn than after cops-and-robbers films.
2. Men give stronger shocks to women than to male “learners” |
|
|
Percentage of pornographic films that portray rape
|
About 50%
|
|
|
Effects on young women of viewing sexual violence on MTV
|
-More likely to view sexual violence as part of “normal” relationships in real life.
|
|
|
UC San Diego research on college men’s reactions to violent pornography
|
-51% of male students said they would participate in gang rape if guaranteed they would not be caught.
|
|
|
Possible effects of pornography on Internet
|
-An increase of sexual aggression towards women in real life.
|
